China Soviet border conflict [Archive]

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J-10

05-18-2004, 05:22 AM

lihttp://www.52dby.com/non-cgi/usr/4/4_305.jpg
PLA soldiers and Soviet soldiers confronted each other on the border.

The following pic's were taken by Soviet guys.
http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/01_1.jpg
苏联方向拍摄的珍宝岛全景（1969年5月）
Zhenbaodao Island from Soviet side on May 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/01_2.jpg
大雪覆盖下的珍宝岛（1969年3月）
Zhenbaodao Island snow on Mar. 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_2.jpg
彼得罗夫，苏军伊曼边防总队政治处士兵。
1969年3月2日，在珍宝岛冲突中阵亡。
人们在他身上发现了一架照机，他留下了死前拍摄的最后3张照片。这是他生前（1969年2月）的留影。
This guy left his last 3 pic's before died in border conflict.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_4.jpg
乘坐装甲车，手持棍棒的苏联边防军。
关于棍棒，我认为是用来驱逐我国居民的。
It was said the Soviet soldiers used these sticks to expel Chinese residents.
or came to blow PLA soldiers.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_5.jpg
苏军远东军区第135摩步师的装甲战车（1969年3月）
老毛子的凶狠是出了名的，看这两人的目光就能体会得到!
Soviet far-eastern 135 armoured division in Mar. 1969. Soviet guys were very fierce.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_6.jpg
苏联库列比亚克依内边防哨所的观察哨（1969年3月）
照片拍得倒是很有艺术性，但却是一个侵略的桥头堡!

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_3.jpg
珍宝岛上空的苏军直升机（1969年1月25日）

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/06_1.jpg
伊曼边防总队队长康斯坦丁诺夫上校（1969年3月17日）
珍宝岛前线苏军的总指挥
The Soviet frontier guards leader, frontline commander. (I can't spell his name.)

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/06_2.jpg
1969年3月15日，康斯坦丁诺夫上校在苏军向珍宝岛发动攻击前的情景。
Before attack.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/06_3.jpg
1969年3月14日，苏军伊曼边防总队队长列昂诺夫上校生前所拍的最后一张照片。The last photo of the leader in March 14, 1969.
3月15日我军击毙。He was shot dead by PLA in Mar. 15.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/06_4.jpg
估计这个可能是在珍宝岛冲突中阵亡的亚申中校。
图中的中校可能是正在给苏军士兵讲课，或者部署任务
Another died soviet army officer, he was assigning mission to his soldiers.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/07_1.jpg
在珍宝岛上阅读报纸的苏联边防军（1969年3月）
看着他们，不知你作何感想，还是一些富有朝气的年轻人，却被苏联政府赶到了死亡的边缘
下米海洛夫卡边防哨所的边防军正在向选票箱中投票，选举人民代表。（1969年3月）

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/07_3.jpg
下米海洛夫卡边防哨所的边防军正在开着阵地讨论会（1969年3月16）
In the forward position.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/07_4.jpg
巴班斯基下士（左二）珍宝岛战斗后获苏维埃英雄称号
Corporal Babenski, 2nd from left, awarded Hero of the Soviet Union after the Damanski clash.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/05_1.jpg
1969年3月11日，开往珍宝岛地区的苏军车队。
Soviet army vehicles moved to Zhenbaodao Island in March 11, 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/05_2.jpg
苏军伊曼边防总队的装甲车（1969年3月12日）

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/04_1.jpg
http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/04_2.jpg
http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/04_3.jpg
苏军作战要图及图例
Soviet army battle maps.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/08_1.jpg
1969年3月2日阵亡的伊万·斯特列利尼科夫上尉。著名的“瘸腿上尉”
The famous "limp captain". It was said he often hit Chinese civilian.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/08_2.jpg
1969年3月2日阵亡的克格勃侦察员布依涅维奇上尉
Another captain, he was a intelligence officer.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/08_4.jpg
冲突中死亡的苏军尸体
Soviet soldier's bodies.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/10_1.jpg
苏军伊曼边防总队队长列昂诺夫上校参加斯特列利尼科夫上尉和布依涅维奇上尉的葬礼（1969年3月6日）

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_1.jpg
1969年3月6日，伊曼边防总队为在3月2日珍宝岛冲突中阵亡者举行盛大葬礼。

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_3.jpg1969年3月6日，斯特列利尼科夫中尉和布依涅维奇上尉的葬礼

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_4.jpg
葬礼上，亲人向阵亡着告别

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_6.jpg

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_5.jpg
棺木中盛放着在3月2日战斗中阵亡者

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/10_3.jpg
参加列昂诺夫上校葬礼的老人失声痛哭

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/12.jpg
伊万·斯特列利尼科夫上尉的妻子
悲伤的妻子，战争留给人民的只有眼泪!

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/02_1.jpg
我边防部队就苏军装甲车撞死中国平民一事正在向苏方交涉（1967年12月）
In Dec. 1967, Chinese border guards took up a matter with Soviet army,
Because the Soviet armoured vehicle bump dead a Chinese civilian.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/02_3.jpg
一队中国军人在珍宝岛的冰面上（1969年3月2日
这是苏军上尉彼得罗夫的遗作之二

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/02_2.jpg
彼得罗夫遗作之一（1969年3月2日）
这张照片发生在交火前。Above two photos were taken by a died soviet captain in March 2, 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/14_1.jpg
苏联伊曼边防总队队长，上校军衔

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/14_2.jpg
“苏联英雄”伊万·斯特列利尼科夫上尉

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/14_2.jpg
苏联英雄”巴班斯基
以上三图，是苏联政府在珍宝岛战斗结束后，授予的三名“苏联英雄”荣誉称号。
Above three guys were "soviet hero".

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/11_1.jpg
伊曼珍宝岛冲突阵亡者纪念碑。前苏联时期新婚夫妇有给烈士献花的习俗
Rip

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/11_2.jpg
米海洛夫卡边防哨所阵亡者的陵墓（1970年）

ZeroPositive

05-18-2004, 07:15 AM

SOME ****ING AWESOME PHOTOS DUDE I love the black and white old photos this is so cool... :D
thanks again!

Shadow NX

05-18-2004, 07:28 AM

Any chance to translate the writing under the pics cause i only see squares instead of letters

Claymore

05-18-2004, 07:31 AM

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_4.jpg

What are those long, white sticks for? Tournament with other APC? ;)

Hmmm...Something wrong with 2nd wheel of other BTR-60.

J-10

05-18-2004, 09:22 AM

Any chance to translate the writing under the pics cause i only see squares instead of letters

I try to translate some writing.

Abbyy

05-18-2004, 09:41 AM

I still don't understand for what **** you tried to take over this island.
Also i don't understand why "glorious" chinese soldiers cut off eyes of dead Soviet officiers.

And don't like that Damanski island was given up to China later. :(

Marmot1

05-18-2004, 10:07 AM

OK I will translate some to... (Sorry my russian is little crappy ;) )

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/14_1.jpg
HERO OF SOVIET UNION
Colonel
LEONOV DEMOKRAT VLADIMIROVICH
Died 15 March 1969
Awarded Hero of Soviet Union

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/14_2.jpg
HERO FO SOVIET UNION
1st LEUTENANT
STRELJINKOV IVAN IVANOVICH
Died 2nd March 1969
Avarded Hero of Soviet Union

J-10

05-18-2004, 10:15 AM

I still don't understand for what f*** you tried to take over this island.
Also i don't understand why "glorious" chinese soldiers cut off eyes of dead Soviet officiers.

And don't like that Damanski island was given up to China later. :(

I don't notice it, terrible! ... if it is real.
I guess the Soviet officer did many bad things to Chinese border civilians in those years, so that these chinese soldiers hated him very much.

Any kind of wars are ugly. There were many Chinese soldiers died in this fight.
http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p/601_1.jpg

Russian Texan

05-18-2004, 10:36 AM

Wait, let me get it straight: In China they are telling you that soviets attacked?

I always was interested in the "Chinese story" of the Damansk border conflict (actually there were several) and wondered how come communist China disliked USSR so much.
Here is the sum up of the soviet official plus later declassified documents.

Russian-Chinese border was established by the numerous treaties: Narechenski agreement, 1689, Byrinsky and Kyakhtinsky treaties 1727, Aigunsky treaty 1858, Pekin's treaty 1860 and later in 1911.
Usualy the borders on rivers are laid along the main waterway, but because of the agreements/treaties were made by the strong tsarist Russia and weak China, it was not the case here. Russia decided that the border will be at the Chinese bank. Thus the whole river with all its islands became Russian.
The treaties were respected up until foundation of the Chinese People's Republic in 1949.
Government of the USSR understood China's desire to adjust the border and was to ready make concessions and pass some territories to the People's Republic. But ideological conflict and overly agressive behavior of the Chinese changed the situation, making the act of passing the lands impossible. Further worsening of the relations between the countries led to open armed confrontation on Damanski-Zhenbao Island.
At the end of the 60-s Damanski-Zhenbao Island belonged to Primorski region, bordering with Chinese province Hayluntszyan. The island was remote at 500 meters from Russia and at 300 meters from China. Due to bad climate with numerous floods and other calamities the island is worthless from the point of view of its strategic and military importance.
The events of March 2 and 15th ,1969 were preceded by numerous provocations organized by Chinese soldiers dressed like civilians, which explains this picture from January 1969, it's sort of 1960's version of the "non-lethal" force.
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/21.jpg

Actualy Soviets and Chinese were fighting each other (hand to hand combat with no firearms involved due to the fear of escalating the conflict) since for a year before the events, but Russians due to the fact of being larger and stronger specimen have always won and forced Chinese to retreat. At one point, I guess to save face, Chinese substituted regular border guards with the "quality fighters" from the special forces regiment of the 49th army. According to the accounts of the soviet border guards even though Chinese fighting skills and size of specimen improved, it still didn't make a difference because Russians have sent their better trained fighters, sounds like a freaking Mortal Combat :lol: , which resulted in multiple broken bones, jaws and concussions of their Chineese counterparts. After not being able to achieve their goal with the bare hands, Chinese decided "to take it up a notch".

On the night of March 2nd about 300 Chinese soldiers reached the island and occupied highlands of the western banks, hiding themselves among bushes and trees. Without digging trenches they just put mats in the snow and lay on them.
They were well equiped. A Chinese soldier attire consisted of a hat with ear-flaps that had special valves on the right and on the left to help catch sounds; a quilted jacket with trousers of the same kind; warm boots with laces; warm underwear and thick stockings; army mittens - with separate thumb and forefinger.
Initialy their armament consisted of AK-47s and SKSs. The commanders were armed with TT pistols. All of the weapons were produced in China under Russian licenses.
The intruders wore white camouflage cloak. The same fabric covered their weapons. The ramrods were filled with wax to avoid loud clanking.
No documents or private things were found in the pockets of the Chinese soldiers.
The Chinese stretched to the coast in a thin line and spent the whole night lying on the snow.
The support, consisted of several mortars, recoilles guns and heavy machine guns that were placed on the Chinese bank. Also abut 200-300 infantrymen were waiting for the signal to help invasion force if neccessary.
The Russian patrol of two borderguards spent the whole night on the island post but noticed or heard nothing; neither lights nor any sounds. The actions of Chinese soldiers were perfectly planned and executed
About 9 o'clock in the morning a patrol of 3 guards crossed the island without noticing the enemy.
About 10.40 from the lookout station to Nizhne-Mikhailovka post was arrived a report, in which it was said, that a group of about men is going from the Chinese frontier-post Gunsa to the island.
The commander of the post senior lieutenant Ivan Strelnikov ordered his soldiers get ready for a battle and rang up the alarm.
The soldiers mounted in three vehicles - GAZ-69 (7 soldiers with Strelnikov at the head), BTR-60PB (about 13 men headed by sergeant V. Rabovich) and GAZ-63 (12 borderguards with junior sergeant Y. Babanski at the head).
The engine of GAZ-63 was weak, thus the car was the last to reach the island. They were 15 minutes late.
Arriving at the destination, Russians left cars at the southern end of an island, divided into two groups and started in the direction of the intruders. The first group headed by the commander of the post was walking on ice, while the second one was moving parallel along the island.
In Strelnikov's group was a photographer, who was shooting the events and taking photographs with "Zorki-4".
I. Strelnikov approached the group of "civilians" (at about 11.10) and expressed protest concerning the fact of the illegal border crossing. He demanded from the Chinese to leave the territory of the USSR. One of the Chinese replied something loudly, and then followed two pistol shots. The first row of Chinese droped to the ground while men behind the opened fire on Strel'nikovs group killing its members and the commander instantly.
Chinese took a video camera from one of the Russians but didn't notice the photo camera; the soldier fell on it and covered the camera with his coat.

Soldiers, who laid an ambush on Damanski, opened fire at the second, Rabovich's group. Several border guards were killed instantly and the rest were about to be because they were in the open and perfectly visible to the Chinese.
Several Chinese left their shelters and attacked the remains of the Soviet soldiers who accepted unequal battle and were firing back till the last moment.
At that very time Babanski's (third truck with the weak engine) group reached the place. They tried to help their dying comrades but were uotnumbered and outgunned.
Chinese reached the stands of Rabovich's group and finished off several wounded soldiers with cold steel (bayonets, knives).

The only one who survived miraculously was soldier Gnnadi Serebrov, who told later about the last minutes of his friends' lives.
Babanski's group was becoming fewer and fewer, they were running out of ammunition. The junior sergeant made a decision to step back to the cars, but at the same moment Chinese artillery destroyed both the cars. The driver of Strelnikov's BTR tried to ride on the island to help his comrades but failed, because the bank was too steep and high. After several vain attempts to overcome the rise the BTR pulled back to the Soviet coast. Then, from a neighboring post, arrived the reserve, headed by Vitaly Bubenin.
Bubenin's post Sopki Kulebyakiny was situated at 17-18 km to the north of Damanski-Zhenbao. In the morning of 2nd of March he learned by telephone about the battle on the island and hurried to help his neighbors with 20 soldiers in a BTR.
At about 11.30 armored troop-carrier reached Damanski-Zhenbao end entered one of the ice-covered canals. Hearing the fire the borderguards left the car and went at the sounds. Practically immediately they appeared face to face with a group of Chinese. A battle started.
The invaders (those, who were lying on the snow) noticed Bubenin's group and concentrated their fire on them. The commander, Bubenin, was wounded and contoused but continued to give orders.
Bubenin left there a group of soldiers headed by the junior sergeant V. Kanygin. He himself with four men got into the BTR and went around the island to attack the rear of the enemy. Bubenin himself occupied the position of the BTR gunner, while his people were shooting through side ports.
In spite of numerical superiority the Chinese appeared in a very unpleasant situation: from the island they were shot by Babanski's and Kanygin's groups, from the rear - by the maneuvering BTR. But Bubenin's BTR was seriously damaged: the sight was destroyed and there was nothing left of the tires. The commander himself was wounded and contused for the second time.
Bubenin managed to get around the island and hide on the river's bank. He reported about the situation to the squadron, then got into Strelnikov's BTR and drove along the Chinese ambush.
The battle reached its climax when Bubenin destroyed the Chinese command post. After that Chinese began stepping back, taking away their killed and wounded. The Chinese left mats, telephones, maps and several guns. There were also found numerous used first aid kits.
When he run out of ammo, Bubenin withdrew his BTR on the ice between the island and the Soviet bank. They stopped to take two wounded soldiers, when their BTR was destroyed but he survived and later became the first commander of the "A" group also known as Alfa.

At about 12.00 a helicopter landed near the island. On its board arrived commanders of Imanski border detachment. The chief of the detachment colonel Leonov stayed ashore, while the head of the political department lieutenant colonel A.D. Konstantinov organized searching for wounded and killed men directly on Damanski-Zhenbao Island.
A bit later reinforcement from neighboring posts arrived at the place of the events. That was the finale of the first battle on Damanski but it wasn't the end of it. The second battle involved regular army units on both sides and threatened to evolve into full scale war, I'll post info about it as well as some pictures later.

Russian Texan

05-18-2004, 10:46 AM

-Max2-

05-18-2004, 10:52 AM

How many Soviet and Chinese soldiers were killed during this "war" ?

Herrmannek

05-18-2004, 11:04 AM

Very Good read RT... Give more and more photos to and if you have some friends with videos about that events(even propaganda :) ) try mount some bittorrent link :)

OT. Its funny that Poland have same problems on our east borders on Bug river, there is no shooting, but Bug river isn't regulated so sides triess to change run of the river to gain new territories :)

Russian Texan

05-18-2004, 11:52 AM

Second battle, March 15th 1969.

After the events of the March 2nd, patrols on Damanski-Zhenbao consisted of at least of 10 men supported with squad weapons.
Also one Soviet Army division equiped with artillery and MLRS "Grad" was deployed several kilometers behind the island, just in case...
The Chinese were also gathering forces getting ready to attack again. Not far from the island on the Chinese territory was located 24th infantry regiment of the National Liberation army of China. The regiment consisted of about five thousand soldiers.

At about 15.00 on the March, 14 it was ordered to Russian borderguards to leave the island (till the present day the logic of the order is unclear, the person who gave it is unknown either).
Russians have barely left the island, when Chinese started moving in. In small groups of 10-15 men Chinese soldiers step-by-step began to approach the island. Other military men took their positions in front of the island, hiding on the Chinese bank of the Ussury.
After seeing that, Russian soldiers under the command of the lieutenant colonel E. Yanshin got into eight BTRs and started moving towards Damanski-Zhenbao. The Chinese stepped back immediately.

At about 8 p.m. from the same source was received another order: to occupy the island.

At 00.00 on March 15, 60 borderguards commanded by the lieutenant colonel E. Yanshin went to Damanski-Zhenbao.
The regiment divided into four groups and dug trenches at distance of 100 meters from each other. Officers L. Mankovski, N. Popov, V. Soloviev and A. Klyga commanded the groups. Armored troop-carriers were maneuvering along the island constantly changing positions.

At about 9 a.m. on the March 15 Chinese through a loudspeaker urged the Soviet borderguards to leave the "Chinese" territory, to give up "revisionism", etc.
From the Soviet bank a loudspeaker was trying to persuade its Chinese neighbors not to make a fatal mistake. The Russians reminded them, that they were sons of soldiers, who liberated China from Japanese aggressors. Then it became quiet for some time.

At about 10 a.m. Chinese mortars (from 60 to 90 barrels) opened fire. At the same time three companies of Chinese infantry rushed into the attack.
Violent battle lasted for an hour.

By 11 a.m. Russian borderguards on the island ran out of ammunition and Yanshin took BTR and went to get supplies from the Soviet bank.
Colonel Leonov reported to the commanders that the enemy outnumbered Russian soldiers and informed them about necessity to use the artillery, but was refused firesupport because Soviet commanders didn't want to escalate.

About 12.00 the first BTR was destroyed, then the second one. But Yanshin's men kept their positions in spite of the danger being surrounded.

After stepping back the Chinese started forming groups in front of the southern end of the island. About 400 or 500 soldiers were evidently going to attack Soviet borderguards from the rear.
The situation was worthened by the fact that communications between Yanshin and Leonov was very poor: aerial antennas on both of their BTRs were cut down by machine-gun fire.

To prevent attack of the borderguards rears Russians started supporting their comrades on the island with grenade launchers, but in the given situation it wasn't enough. Then colonel Leonov to raid the island with three tanks. Leonov was promised a tank platoon, but nine tanks arrived when the battle was well underway.
Leonov took his place in the head tank and three T-62s moved towards the southern extremity of Damanski-Zhenbao.
Near the place where Strelnicov and his people were killed, the head tank was shot down. Leonov and several members of the crew were wounded. They left the tank and started moving towards the Russian bank. On the way back Leonov was killed, the bullet struck him in the heart.
The borderguards continued to fight in separate groups and prevented Chinese penetration on the eastern coast of the island. The conditions became more and more serious; the Russians were running the risk to lose the island. Then a decision was made to use artillery and motorized infantry.

At 5 p.m. the division of MLRS "Grad"(it was the first time it was used in combat) opened fire on concentrations of Chinese troops, vehicles and support fire positions At the same time artillery opened fire at discovered/opportunity targets.
The attack was exceptionally precise: Chinese reserves, mortars, piles of shells etc were destroyed.
The artillery was shooting for ten minutes. At ten to six motor-shooters and frontier-guards joined in, headed by lieutenant colonels Smirnov and Konstantinov.
The Chinese started a retreat from the Damanski-Zhenbao.
At about 7 p.m. Chinese opened fire again. Probably at the moment it was necessary to use artillery one more time, but the commanders considered it was not necessary.
The Chinese again tried to capture the island, but their three attempts failed.
During the conflict 58 soviet soldiers died and 94 were wounded, Chinese lost 700+ killed and an unknown amount of wounded.

On October 20, 1969 summit talks between the leaders of Soviet and Chinese governments took place. The result of the negotiations was an agreement to settle the line of demarcation on Chinese-Russian border. After the demarcation in 1991 Damanski Island passed to China. Now it is Zhenbao-dao.

Some of the facts mentioned in my posts were previously classified for political reasons. For example when only borderguards are involved, that is considered a "border conflict" and can be contained, but if the regular army units exchange fire - that is war and it has much more serious consequences.

Next post will be pictures.

UkrainianAmerican

05-18-2004, 08:38 PM

GREAT THREAD SO FAR!
Keep it up! woot

J-10

05-18-2004, 08:49 PM

Russian-Chinese border was established by the numerous treaties: Narechenski agreement, 1689, Byrinsky and Kyakhtinsky treaties 1727, Aigunsky treaty 1858, Pekin's treaty 1860 and later in 1911.
Usualy the borders on rivers are laid along the main waterway, but because of the agreements/treaties were made by the strong tsarist Russia and weak China, it was not the case here. Russia decided that the border will be at the Chinese bank. Thus the whole river with all its islands became Russian.

The tsarist Russia invaded by force and diplomacy blackmail, forced the government of Chinese Qing dynesty signed many unfair treaty, China lost about 1,500,000 square Km territory.

The Zhenbaodao is on the China side as "the borders on rivers are laid along the main waterway".

The following is a Chinese article about China Soviet border conflict, include history, treaty, etc. There are many details about Zhenbaodao fight, if any one have interest in it, pls. translate it by yourself :)

1969年中苏边界的武装冲突（上）
徐焰
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　　1969年中苏边界出现的武装冲突及由此引起的中苏两国的紧张对峙，是现代国际关系史上的一项重大事件。中国边防部队在边界上进行的还击战斗虽然规模不大，但是这一事件战略规模之大和耗费之多，超过建国后的历次军事斗争。由于当时中国政府的努力和双方采取了一系列措施，边界冲突未进一步扩大，但是由此造成的中苏两国在战略上的严重对峙，对于中国和前苏联的政治经济形势及对外关系都产生了重大而又深远的影响。

中苏边界争端的由来和公开化

中苏之间的边界问题及出现武装冲突有其深刻的历史原因，两国边界上的领土争议，是沙皇俄国侵略中国所造成的遗留问题。这一问题在六十年代后期激化，恰恰又是中苏由意识形态对立到国家关系的恶化所引起的后果。

中国与原苏联的边界线分东西两段，全长7300公里，是由沙皇俄国炮制的19个不平等条约强加于中国的。1840年鸦片战争后，俄国利用中国清政府的腐败和边界守备空虚，乘英法等国侵华之机，以武力入侵和外交讹诈，迫使清政府签订了《中俄瑷珲条约》和《中俄天津条约》和《中俄北京条约》等一系列不平等条约，将原属中国的150多万平方公里土地划归俄国。

俄国十月革命后，1919年7月俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国政府曾发表第一次对华宣言，宣布“放弃沙皇政府从中国攫取的满洲和其他地区”。不过，当时中俄边界东段的俄国一侧还处于日本军队和俄国白卫军占领之下，这一宣言中的许诺尚无兑现条件。1920年9月，在苏俄红军到达远东后苏俄政府又发表了第二次对华宣言，态度就已不如第一次对华宣言那么慷慨。

1922年苏俄政府开始对华交涉后，不再同意归还给中国任何领土，甚至连苏俄第一次对华宣言中宣布归还的中东铁路也不肯放弃。1924年5月，以中国北京政府承认苏联在外蒙驻兵和继承帝俄时期拥有的中东铁路，苏联放弃帝俄在华特权和庚子赔款、承认外蒙古为中国领土为交换条件，签订了《中苏解决悬案大纲协定》，但两国的领土问题并未解决。从二十年代后期至四十年代，苏联利用中国国内的混乱，又超越不平等条约的规定占领了部分中国领土。如1929年“中东铁路事件”时，苏军占领了黑龙江和乌苏里江交汇处面积达360平方公里的抚远三角洲(黑瞎子岛)。1944年苏联又宣布将它早已控制，面积达7平方公里的唐努乌梁海地区(在当时的外蒙古西北部和苏联交界处，苏方称为图瓦地区)并入苏联。这样，中苏边界上出现了“中俄条约线”、“苏联地图线”和“实际控制线”交错的复杂情况。

新中国成立后，中苏两国根据《中苏友好同盟互助条约》，结成了战略同盟关系，但是中苏两国在出版的地图中对于边界的画法一直存在不同之处。赫鲁晓夫刚刚上台时，出于争取中国共产党支持的需要，一度以谦恭的态度对待毛泽东，在中国东北和新疆的一些经济项目中废除中苏之间不合乎平等互利原则的协议，并增加对华援助项目，这曾使毛泽东过去对苏联和斯大林大国沙文主义的不满心情一时得到舒展。1957年赫鲁晓夫的地位得到巩固，苏联又试验成功洲际导弹，在对华关系上很快又表现出民族沙文主义的态度。

1958年4月和7月间，苏联大使奉命向毛泽东提出想在中国建立与潜艇联络的长波电台和“共同的潜艇舰队”的要求。毛泽东非常气愤，对苏联大使尤金指出：“怎么斯大林的大国沙文主义那一套又来了，为什么帮助中国只能搞合作社，搞共同舰队，这分明上要控制权，要租借权。”毛泽东还要尤金把这些原话报告赫鲁晓夫，说赫鲁晓夫同志听了越不高兴，我就越高兴。

赫鲁晓夫于1958年7月底赶到北京，解释说苏共中央未讨论过长波电台一事，只是国防部长提出的，至于共同潜艇舰队是尤金传达错了造成的误会。然而，苏联领导人此后怀恨在心，翌年即撕毁向中国提供核技术的协议，并于1960年夏天突然召回在华的全部专家和中止数百项经济技术合同。此后，苏联领导人为进一步对中国施加压力，又在边界上制造事端。

六十年代以前，尽管中苏双方对于边界部分地段的归属存在分歧，双方边民和边防人员仍友好相处。中苏关系严重恶化后，苏联边防军开始在双方争议地区挑起事端。1960年8月苏联边防军在中国新疆边界博孜艾格尔山口挑起第一次边境事件，1962年春又利用中国经济困难煽动新疆边民外逃。当时中国虽然在政治上“反修”，却不愿因边界问题进一步恶化中苏国家关系。在中国倡议下，1964年2月至8月，中苏两国在北京举行了边界谈判。

中苏边界谈判开始后，中国方面提出，应该分清历史是非，肯定中国清政府和俄国沙皇政府签订的边界条约是不平等条约，但是中方仍以中苏两国人民的友谊为重，并考虑到苏联人民已长期在旧俄时代占据的土地上居住的现实情况，愿意以那些条约为基础，全面解决中苏边界问题。苏联代表却拒不承认中俄过去的边界条约是不平等条约，而且要求中国承认沙俄时代和苏维埃时代超越中俄不平等条约侵占和企图占领的中国领土也归苏联。

在谈判中，双方在界河岛屿归属问题上出现严重分歧。根据《中俄北京条约》，中俄边界东段以黑龙江和乌苏里江为界，界河中的岛屿归属在条约中并未规定。按照国际通行的规则，界河中的岛屿归属应以主航道中心线为准。在《中俄北京条约》的附图中，俄国人曾在一张比例尺小于100万分之一的地图上粗略地画了一条分界线，这条红线在地图上看来贴近中国江岸。其实，这张地图非常粗糙，连江心岛几乎都没有标出，图上的红线并不表明边界线在江中的位置。可是苏联代表却根据这条红线，在其提出的地图中竟把主航道中心线中国一侧的面积约1000平方公里的600多个岛域划归己有。

在双方争执不下的情况下，赫鲁晓夫等人决定苏方代表提出一项不分是非的岛屿交换方案，即“我们表示愿意平等交换，就是说，这里加上一块地方，那里减去一块地方，加加减减——这就是我们提出的建议。至于争议地区，就干脆把它一分为二”。但是对于中国方面当时坚持的原则问题，即承认过去的中俄条约是不平等条约，苏联方面坚决不肯让步，认为这无异于承认自己是在享受过去的侵略成果。由于双方在边界问题上的立场对立，谈判无结果而终。

1964年中苏边界谈判破裂后，苏联领导人在内部提出所谓中国想“夺回”过去失去的领土，并以此为理由向中苏边界增兵，并重新把军队开进蒙古人民共和国。自二十年代初以后苏军曾长期驻扎在蒙古，新中国成立后蒙古人民共和国曾宣布自己因在中苏两个社会主义国家之间，已无保持军队的必要，不仅自己一度取消了常备军，苏军也于五十年代分批撤出。六十年代中期苏联再度进驻蒙古，明显是对中国进行军事威胁。1966年中国国内开始“文化大革命”后，在中苏边界东段界河乌苏里江上，苏联边防军一再挑起边界冲突，乌苏里江上的珍宝岛和七里沁岛，又成为边境斗争的焦点。

珍宝岛和七里沁岛都在乌苏里江主航道中国一侧，可是苏联方面却说，在“达曼斯基岛”(即珍宝岛)地区边界“直接沿乌苏里江的中国江岸通过”，依据就是1860年的《中俄北京条约》中那幅比例尺小于100万分之一的附图中的红线。其实，在不平等的《中俄北京条约》正文中只写明“两国以乌苏里及松阿察二河作为交界。其河东之地，属俄罗斯；二河西属中国。”这意味着以江面为界。而且在十九世纪珍宝岛还是中国江岸的一部分，直至二十世纪初被洪水冲刷才形成岛屿。从1947年起，苏联边防军就将该岛划入警戒线之内，中国边民在岛上进行打柴、捕鱼等活动，苏方却未干涉。六十年代中期以后，苏军开始拦阻中国边民进入珍宝岛，并制造了严重的边界纠纷。

中苏双方在边境一些过去鲜为人知的小岛上出现了持续不断又日益严重的纠纷，其实主要应从当时两国关系的整体状况来分析。这一时期中国以“反修防修”为中心任务，苏联领导人则对中国采取施加压力的霸权主义政策。当时中国在“反修”斗争中的一些政策确有值得反思之处，然而对抗苏联的大国沙文主义、保卫自己领土主权的斗争，其大方向无疑是应该肯定的。

边界流血事件的出现和扩大

1964年夏天以后，中共中央对苏联的威胁虽加强了警惕，对边界问题却仍希望维持现状。当时中国在南方因援越抗美而与美国处于军事对峙之中，不愿在此时在北部边境再发生事端。然而“文革”开始后，边界纠纷却日益增多。从1966年起，苏方开始禁止中国船只从抚远三角洲北面和东面的江面通过，并出动炮艇在江面进行阻拦。1967年夏天，苏边防军及其阿穆尔河(苏联对黑龙江的称呼)分舰队的人员又一再登上黑龙江主航道中心线中国一侧的吴八老岛，殴打和驱赶过去历来在岛上耕种的中国边民。根据中共中央的决定，在附近驻军和民兵的组织下，同年秋天以群众斗争的方式出面，以棍棒对强行闯入吴八老岛的苏军进行还击，终于将苏军赶出岛去。

1967年1月以后，苏联边防军人又一再侵入乌苏里江，阻止中国边防军人上岛巡逻。珍宝岛位于黑龙江省虎林县东乌苏里江上，面积仅0.74平方公里，平时无人居住，至今枯水期仍与中国江岸相连，而该岛东部与苏联相距则达400余米。1964年的边界谈判中，中苏双方就这一岛屿的归属问题的争议未解决，此后双方边防人员都不时上岛巡逻。开始双方人员相遇时主要采取口头争辩，后来苏军推搡和殴击中国边防人员，又升级到以棍棒殴打。

从1967年11月底至1968年1月5日，对于中国边民在珍宝岛北面不远的七里沁岛进行的冰上捕鱼等生产活动，苏军连续出动人员干涉，中国边防部队也前来保护岛上的群众。苏军在与中国军民争辩后，由推搡、拳打、棍击发展到鸣枪威胁。中国方面也以棍棒进行了还击，却因力量较弱，群众和边防人员共被打伤100多人，苏军只有10人左右受伤。1968年1月5日，苏军还出动装甲车在七里沁岛上向完全没有武装的中国边民冲撞，当场撞死、压死中国边民4人(后又死1人)。对此，中国政府以外交方式提出严重抗议。

当时在中苏边界东段，苏联军队的数量已有十几个师，其装备更明显居于优势。这时中国正处于“文化大革命”之中，军队大都在支左和制止武斗，边防线上只有少量守备和警戒部队。在双方力量相差悬殊的情况下，苏联边防军挑起这些事件，只能被看作苏联领导人对动乱中的中国施加压力的一种手段。

七里沁岛流血事件发生后，1968年1月24日中央军委以电报指示沈阳军区、北京军区等单位，要求加强中苏边界东段的边防警戒，并提出应做好军事上配合外交斗争的必要准备。中央军委还规定了边防斗争的具体措施，强调：如遭到苏方殴打，我可以还手，不要开枪；如苏方使用装甲车等向我冲撞时，我可采取必要的防护措施，并向苏方提出强烈抗议。苏方用装甲车等继续向我冲撞，并轧死轧伤我方人员时，我可相应还击，如炸毁其车辆，棒击其人员，但不准开枪射击；如苏方向我开枪，我应当场向苏方提出最强烈抗议，并鸣枪警告。当我两次警告无效，打死打伤我方人员时，我边防部队可以开枪实行自卫还击；采取上述任何一种自卫措施，都要掌握“先礼后兵”的精神，并把还击行动控制在我境内。中央军委还要求边防部队注意选择政治上有利的时间、地点和情况，事先做好准备，多设想几种可能，拟定行动方案，有重点、有计划地打击苏军的挑衅，力争做到“不斗则已，斗则必胜”。

在中国的涉外事件中，中共中央、毛泽东一向强调大事小事都要汇报，一切对外事宜都要集中掌握。1967年间中国国内出现混乱时，一些涉外斗争也曾失控。在中苏边界的斗争中，中共中央、中央军委还是严格掌握了政策，统一指挥了各项行动，并严格规定了每一行动都要向中央请示报告的制度。

经中央军委决定，沈阳军区从值班部队中抽调了部分精干的人员进入七里沁岛附近，进行了反击的准备。由于苏联方面一时收敛了越界行动，直至乌苏里江江面于春季开冰前，双方未发生武装冲突。然而从1968年春夏以后，苏军飞机越过边境线进行侦察挑衅的事件却日益增多，对此中国政府向苏联政府公开提出了抗议，在边界上却未采取射击行动。

1968年8月苏联大规模入侵捷克斯洛伐克，随后勃列日涅夫又公开鼓吹“有限主权论”，为武装干涉其他社会主义国家制造理论根据。对此，中国方面谴责苏联现代修正主义已变成“社会帝国主义”。这时苏联又在中苏、中蒙边界屯集重兵，中国领导人不能不对此引起严重关注。加之国内“文化大革命”的主旨是“反修防修”，同时又认为国内的反修斗争又同国际反修斗争紧密相关。在此背景下，中共中央、毛泽东采取了防止苏联对中国边界入侵的一系列警戒防御行动。

苏联领导人从其入侵捷克成功后一时更严重滋长的霸权主义出发，也想在中苏边界对中国施加压力，争取使中国内部发生有利于苏联的变化。当时的这种国际气候，造成了中苏边界的紧张局势日益严重，两国军队都出动到领土有争议的地区，自然会使边境冲突处于随时可能一触即发的状态之中。

1968年乌苏里江封冻后，江上有争议的珍宝岛成为双方斗争的焦点。从12月27日起，苏联边防军一再出动装甲车、卡车运载携带武器的军人上岛，拦截上岛的中国边防巡逻队，并以棍棒对中国边防军人加以殴打。中方人员虽然以棍棒还击，却往往因力量不足而在斗争中吃亏。如在1969年1月23日的双方殴斗中，中国边防军人就有28人被打伤，部分武器被抢走。

进入2月份后，只要中国边防人员一上珍宝岛，苏军就迅速出动人员前来干涉，而且苏军一般出动上岛的人员要多于中方人员2—3倍。从2月6日至25日，苏军追击殴打中国边防人员的事件在岛上共发生了5起，2月7日还发生了苏军人员以冲锋枪向中国巡逻队方向发射6个点射的严重事件(未造成伤亡)。当时中国边防人员保持了克制，未开枪予以还击。1969年春天，中国正筹备召开中国共产党第九次全国代表大会，进一步强调“反修防修”问题。在这种背景下，小小珍宝岛上双方边防人员的斗争，实际上正是两国关系的一个突出写照。随后发生的规模并不大的武装冲突，其实是两国国家矛盾长期摩擦引发的一个冲撞点。

1969年中苏边界的武装冲突（下）
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　　珍宝岛反击战

1969年1月以后，因苏军在珍宝岛上一再使用武力，中国方面开始考虑采取自卫反击措施。1月25日黑龙江省军区提出了在珍宝岛地区反干涉斗争的方案，设想以3个连兵力参加，以一部兵力上岛潜伏，如苏方以武力强行干涉我巡逻分队执行任务，潜伏分队视情况给予支援。沈阳军区基本同意这一方案，但认为岛上气候寒冷，不宜潜伏。

进入2月份以后，珍宝岛上形势更加紧张，2月7日出现了苏军鸣枪的严重事件后，中央军委认为下一阶段会有新斗争，并作了进一步指示。总参谋部、外交部都同意了黑龙江省军区的方案，并要求要严格遵守针锋相对、后发制人和有理、有利、有节的原则，既不示弱，又不主动惹事。当时边防斗争仍由中共中央、毛泽东亲自掌握，总的精神是进行以政治斗争为主的边防斗争，又要准备好以重点进行自卫还击斗争为后盾，还同意选择珍宝岛作为还击的重点。

根据中央军委的指示精神，总参和沈阳军区都下达了指示，并抽调了精干的小分队，准备对付苏军的入侵和挑衅。黑龙江省军区决定，在靠近珍宝岛的公司边防站(因当地的公司亮子村而得名)成立“公司临时指挥所”。遵照中央军委、总参指示的斗争原则，沈阳军区确定了在珍宝岛地区进行边防斗争的新方式。中央军委、沈阳军区还规定，自卫还击严格限制在主航道中心线我国一侧，要行动迅速，不纠缠、不恋战，取得胜利后立即撤至有利地区。沈阳军区还规定，由肖全夫副司令员率领工作组前往虎(林)饶(河)方向指导战备工作，并成立虎饶前指，由肖全夫、李少元统一指挥。这样，珍宝岛地区抗击苏军入侵的斗争有了中央军委和沈阳军区的指挥，并有了比较充分的准备。从这一阶段中国方面的边防部队、省军区、大军区、总部机关和中央军委的指示部署看，对珍宝岛地区进行自卫反击确实进行了比较细致的安排。但是客观地讲，这些安排还是防御性的，如果苏联边防军人不对中国边防人员使用武力，后来那种流血的战斗是不会发生的。

3月2日虎饶前指决定再次派出部队登上珍宝岛巡逻，并向珍宝岛地区中国一侧岸上派出2个步兵连、4个侦察排、1个无后座力炮排和1个重机枪排，秘密掩护巡逻分队，遇到情况时即准备采取行动。

根据虎饶前指的部署，3月2日上午8时40分，公司边防站派出30人分两组登珍宝岛巡逻。由公司边防站站长孙玉国带领的第一巡逻组上岛之后，很快被对面苏军发现，仅10分钟后苏军即由下米海洛夫卡、库列比亚克依内两个边防哨所派出70余人，分乘2辆装甲车、1辆敞篷卡车、1辆指挥车向珍宝岛驶来。苏军上岛后以两路向中国第一巡逻组进逼，并形成合围态势。

过去苏军上岛干涉中国边防人员巡逻时，一般是肩背枪，手持棍棒，大都不戴钢盔。而3月2日上岛的苏军人员都头戴钢盔，手持冲锋枪，保持着随时可以投入战斗的姿态。据后来得到的消息，远东苏军指挥机构这时已下令，指示驱赶中国“越境”人员在必要时可以开枪。

苏军上岛并摆成战斗队形后，即阻止中国边防人员巡逻，要中国边防人员退回。中国巡逻人员则根据上级精神，要求苏军退出珍宝岛，苏联边防军毫不理睬，继续进逼，双方处于荷枪实弹对峙的严峻气氛之下。

在这一关头，原先未被苏军发现的中国边防分队第二巡逻组从侧翼穿插出现，挡住苏军迂回分队。苏军突然发现中国军队已有准备，便表现慌乱并在仓促间首先开枪，于是珍宝岛战斗于9时17分打响。

苏军向中国边防第一巡逻组开枪时，中国边防人员还未展开，当即伤亡6人，其余人员马上予以还击。此时第二巡逻组正与苏军伊万上尉率领的7人相遇，听到枪声后班长周登国下令开火，击毙了当面苏军7人。在珍宝岛中国一侧江岸上隐蔽待命的部队，也奉命投入战斗。中国军人经顽强奋战和连续冲击，终于消灭了在岛上丛林中的大部苏军人员。当时苏军2辆装甲车不断向中国边防军人开火，虎饶前指命令岸上的炮火向苏军装甲车还击，当即击毁装甲车1辆、指挥车1辆和卡车1辆。在中国边防部队的打击下，岛上剩余的10余名苏军人员退到江面上，乘另一辆装甲车撤回苏境。战斗至10时30分结束。

在3月2日的战斗中，中方参战人员估计苏联边防军死伤共60余人(据苏联官方公布的数字苏军死亡31人)。中国军人阵亡17人，负伤35人，并有1名通讯员失踪。中国边防部队在战斗结束后即带着伤亡人员从岛上撤回，苏联边防军随后派人登岛，将苏方伤亡人员运回己方一侧。

3月2日的珍宝岛战斗，是中苏两国之间的第一次边境战斗。苏联方面在同年3月29日的政府声明和后来发布的消息中，都把中国方面的反击歪曲为已有准备的“突然开火”和伏击，这不合乎事实。从纯军事的角度看，这次冲突对中方来说只是一次虽已有准备却不由自己掌握主动的遭遇战斗。

从中苏两国关系的大局看，这次流血武装冲突的出现，大大伤害了原先十分友好的两个国家的感情。苏联领导人从其长期对邻国所持的傲慢的沙文主义态度出发，决定以军事力量来扩大事端，使两国边界的武装冲突又继续扩大。

3月2日珍宝岛战斗结束后，苏联军队在远东方向进入了临战戒备状态。苏军多次派出配备有装甲车的武装部队越过乌苏里江上封冻的冰面，于3月4日、5日、7日、10日、11日、12日和14日登上珍宝岛。中央军委在珍宝岛战斗结束后要求当地部队以不示弱的态度继续上岛巡逻，中方部队几次上岛都未与苏军遭遇，所以没有发生冲突。这一时期中国方面根据情况判断，对面苏军已调来1个摩托化步兵团和大批炮兵。根据中央军委的指示，沈阳军区决定加强边防部队的力量，特别着重准备在珍宝岛和七里沁岛进行反击入侵的准备。军区前指的作战计划是，若苏军向一岛进犯则一岛打，若向两岛进犯则两岛一齐打。

当时在两国发生冲突的珍宝岛地区，双方兵力相差不多，然而中国军队只有徒步的步兵和部分炮、工兵，既无坦克、装甲车也无空军支援；苏军步兵则全部摩托化，不仅有占优势的炮兵，还有大量坦克、装甲车及空军飞机和直升机可直接用于支援作战，因而在技术装备、火力上居于绝对优势。尽管中国方面的军力在边境冲突地区处于劣势，但是中共中央、毛泽东进行边防斗争的决心却坚定不移。当时“九大”即将召开，根据中共中央的安排，全国开展了声讨“苏修”入侵的群众性示威活动，参加者据当时宣称有1.5亿人以上。中苏边境、中蒙边界附近的人民解放军部队和民兵，也进入了战备状态。

鉴于苏军装甲车辆不断进入珍宝岛活动，3月14日深夜中国军队派出1个步兵班进入珍宝岛警戒，掩护工兵在乌苏里江的江叉上埋设反坦克地雷。3月15日4时，苏军装甲车6辆乘天亮前的黑暗掩护步兵60余人进入珍宝岛北端，潜伏在丛林中，有偷袭中国登岛部队的迹象。这一情况被中国部队发现后，经上级决定，中国边防部队再次进行了自卫反击，双方就此于3月15日进行了一场更为激烈的战斗。

3月15日早晨，虎饶前指命令第23军第73师217团1营营长冷鹏飞率领一个排、边防站站长孙玉国率领一个班于7时40分登上珍宝岛。部队上岛后，即于8时2分与岛上的苏军潜伏人员发生火力接触。激战一个多小时后，苏军的装甲车和步&#20

UkrainianAmerican

05-18-2004, 08:52 PM

人员2—3倍。从2月6日至25日，苏军追击殴打中国边防人员的事件在岛上共发生了5起，2月7日还发生了苏军人员以冲锋枪向中国巡逻队方向发射6个点射的严重事件(未造成伤亡)。当时中国边防人员保持了克制，未开枪予以还击。1969年春天，中国正筹备召开中国共产党第九次全国代表大会，进一步强调“反修防修”问题。在这种背景下，小小珍宝岛上双方边防人员的斗争，实际上正是两国关系的一个突出写照。随后发生的规模并不大的武装冲突，其实是两国国家矛盾长期摩擦引发的一个冲撞点。
I think a full house beats a flush in poker. The chinese soldier was cheating!

J-10

05-18-2004, 08:58 PM

兵撤回对岸，第一次战斗结束。

当天9时46分，苏联空军以3架飞机向珍宝岛地区俯冲，进行威胁，随即苏军又以坦克6辆、装甲车5辆分两路向珍宝岛上的中国军队实施攻击，并以4辆坦克沿着冰面向珍宝岛南侧江叉运动，企图从后方迂回攻击岛上的中国军队。这时中国军队的一个无后座力炮班刚刚登岛，迅即在江边架炮向苏军坦克射击。苏军坦克遭射击后队形混乱，1辆坦克驶入雷区被炸毁，其余3辆慌忙逃回对岸。11时以后，中国守岛分队在岸上掩护分队的火力支援下，顽强抗击苏军的冲击。然而中国军队使用的75毫米无后座力炮和40毫米火箭筒都系四十年代设计，破甲能力低，因而只击毁装甲车2辆，未能击毁坦克。战斗中营长冷鹏飞负伤，孙玉国接替指挥。苏军在遭到顽强抵抗后，于中午12时以后撤回己岸，第二次战斗就此结束。

当天下午12时50分，苏军又以大口径火炮、坦克炮向珍宝岛及江岸中国一侧的防御阵地、公司边防站和后方桥梁猛烈射击，火力正面达10公里，纵深达7公里。在持续2小时的炮击后，15时13分，苏军又出动坦克10辆、装甲车14辆和步兵约100人，向珍宝岛上发起第三次攻击。岛上的中国边防分队以近战开火的方式，用无后座力炮、火箭筒在几十米、十几米的距离上开火，一再打退了苏军的冲击。15时30分以后，在中国江岸一侧的中国炮兵群加入战斗，以火力急袭给岛上苏军和苏方岸上的指挥机构以突然打击，击毙了苏军指挥官上校边防总队长列昂诺夫。下午17时以后，天色转黑，苏军从珍宝岛上全部撤出，第三次战斗也就此结束。

1969年3月15日珍宝岛上的战斗，是中苏边界冲突中最激烈的一次战斗。当天苏军共出动坦克、装甲车50辆以上，向中国领土发炮1万多发，并出动了飞机36架次(未投弹)。中国方面仅以步兵和炮兵协同，以顽强的战斗精神，打退了苏军三次攻击，共击毁坦克2辆、装甲车7辆，估计苏军死伤在140人左右(其中死亡约60人)。中国方面在当天的战斗中表现出较高的战斗技巧，伤亡仅有39人(亡12人，伤27人)。

3月16日苏军出动人员和车辆登上珍宝岛，拖回前一天战斗中遗弃在岛上的尸体和被击毁的车辆。17日，苏联边防军再次出动坦克5辆、步兵70余人，在炮火掩护下又进入珍宝岛，在岛上大量埋设防步兵地雷，并企图将珍宝岛和中国江岸之间江叉上被地雷炸毁的T62坦克拖回。中国江岸一侧的炮兵群猛烈开火后，苏军急忙从岛上撤走。后来，苏军向这辆坦克发射大量炮弹，企图将其炸毁。然而苏军的炮弹落到这辆坦克周围后，即将冰面炸裂，坦克沉入江中。5月2日中国海军潜水员和黑龙江省有关部门在民兵配合下将这辆坦克捞出，以后送往北京中国人民革命军事博物馆展出。

通过3月2日、3月15日和3月17日的战斗，中国边防部队击毁苏军坦克、装甲车共17辆，估计毙伤苏军人员约250人(据苏联解体后俄罗斯报道的数字，苏军在边界冲突中死58人，伤94人)。苏军因其进攻被打退，加上岛上已大量布雷，即不再进入珍宝岛。中国军队为保证日后上岸巡逻的安全，派出工兵上岛进行了排雷作业。因珍宝岛面积很小，全岛又都在中苏双方高地的目视范围之内，夏季洪水季节岛上多数地区又有积水，从军事角度看难以在岛上驻兵。因此，中国边防部队此后也只是间或派人前往该岛巡逻。

珍宝岛战斗结束后，由于当时的政治气候，对于这次作战的某些总结仍偏重于“突出政治”。边防站站长孙玉国临时被加补为中共九大代表，并在大会上作为解放军代表做了发言。毛泽东在4月14日中国共产党第九次全国代表大会上讲话时，对珍宝岛战斗一事说：这次仗是孙玉国指挥的。没有打过仗，也可以打仗。我们一没有用飞机，二没有用坦克、装甲车，三没有指挥车，打了9个小时，敌人三次冲锋，都被我们打垮了。我们不是不要飞机、坦克、装甲车，但主要靠勇敢。要破除迷信，这次珍宝岛就破除了迷信。

珍宝岛事件发生后，中国政府向苏联政府提出了严正抗议，苏联政府也向中方抗议。不过中国方面的坚决斗争，也使过去惯于对邻国和“兄弟国家”使用高压政策的苏联领导人感到处境不利，于是开始试探采取一些缓和措施。3月21日苏联部长会议主席柯西金向中国方面提出，希望能和中国领导人通电话。3月22日中国政府立即用外交备忘录回答说：“从当前中苏两国关系来说，通过电话的方式进行联系，已不适用。如果苏联政府有什么话要说，请通过外交途径正式向中国政府提出。”3月29日苏联政府发表声明，一方面声称，中国侵犯了苏联的“达曼斯基岛”并已被“击退”，一面又表示愿意同中国恢复“协商”。当时正值中国共产党第九次全国代表大会召开之际，中共中央、毛泽东在对苏政策方面未考虑做新的调整，因而对苏联的谈判建议较长时间未予以答复。与此同时，苏联大量增派军队到远东方向，并对中国进行战争威胁，中共中央、毛泽东也不愿意在武力威胁之下接受谈判。

对于珍宝岛上的武装冲突，苏联领导层反应十分强烈。苏联军方的《红星报》上居然公开炫耀其核武器的威力，声称要以核武器给“现代冒险家”以摧毁性打击。据曾任苏联派驻联合国任副秘书长的高级外交官舍甫琴科后来在回忆录中记述：“参加政治局讨论的一位外交部的同事告诉我，国防部长安德烈·格列奇科元帅主张‘一劳永逸地消除中国威胁’的计划。他主张无限制地使用西方称为‘巨型炸弹’的几百万吨级的炸弹。“有若干因素使政治局没有同意进攻中国，其中最重要的一个因素无疑是它被警告说，美国将会大力进行阻遏。这是美国可能打算同中国改善关系的最早迹象之一。了解到这一点使政治局激动的情绪冷静了下来，而且加强了勃列日涅夫的中间派立场，即不进攻中国，但是在边境派驻大量装备有核武器的部队来显示苏联的实力。”

　　针对苏联方面的严重威胁，毛泽东于4月28日在中国共产党九届一中全会上提出“要准备打仗”。九大以后，人民解放军增编了许多新部队，地方上也大力加强武装民兵，许多企业转向军工生产，国民经济开始转向临战状态，大批工厂转入交通闭塞的山区、三线，实行“山、散、洞”的配置。在六十年代中期，中国领导人就曾对大规模战争的可能性作出了较高的估计，这时更立足于“大打、早打、打核战争”。这一时期苏联领导人紧急向中苏边界调运了大批军队，因只有一条西伯利亚铁路作为运输干线，该线在1969年夏天竟一度停止客运只供军运。80年代中期以后，苏联方面公开发表的许多历史研究著述也批评这一段时间的苏联领导人对边界事件作出了过度的反应。从当时中苏两国的综合国力对比来看，中国比苏联弱得多。在这种情况下苏联对中国实行武力威胁，引起中国方面更高的战争警觉也是不足为奇的。

北京机场会晤和“大三角”关系形成

中苏两个大国之间出现的严重军事对峙，对当时的世界战略格局产生了重大影响。美国尼克松政府因急于从越南战争中脱身，这时表现出调整对华关系的意向，于1969年7月21日宣布自朝鲜战争以来第一次放宽对华贸易限制和美国公民来华旅行的限制。随后，当苏联外交官员向美国官员试探“如果苏联对中国的核设施发动袭击，美国会作何反应”时，美国作出了坚决反对的答复。这时在中美苏三国之间形成了一种前所未有的特殊关系，正如基辛格后来所说的：“仍然非常模糊的三角关系，已经初露倪端了。”美国这时的行动也说明，它明显地企图利用中苏关系的恶化以孤立它当时最主要的对手苏联。

美国缓和对华关系的姿态，引起苏联领导人的严重不安。6月13日苏联领导提出“二三个月之后”，即最迟在9月13日前开始边界谈判。7月26日苏联领导秘密建议中苏两国总理会晤。在提出和平谈判建议的同时，苏联领导人又认为“中国人只有实际感到最可怕的威胁——苏联对中国发动先发制人的打击之后，才会坐到谈判桌前”。

1969年8月13日，中国一支30多人的边防巡逻队在新疆铁列克提地区进行正常巡逻。苏联军队300余人在直升飞机2架和数十辆装甲车辆的掩护下突然越过边界线，向中国巡逻队发起攻击。中国边防巡逻队遭包围后进行了4小时之久的英勇奋战，最后全部牺牲。这次战斗中，中国方面还有3名民兵牺牲，增援部队有12人负伤。

铁列克提事件发生后，中共中央和中国政府作出了强烈反应。考虑到苏联已在边界地区调集了40个陆军师以上的兵力，并做好了临战准备，中共中央做出了大规模战争可能爆发的判断。8月28日中共中央发出毛泽东批示“照办”的《中国共产党中央委员会命令》，要求边疆的党政军民随时准备对付武装挑衅，防止突然袭击，东北、华北和西北的部队进入了紧急战备状态。

8月下旬，中共中央、中央军委又转发了军委办事组关于加强全国人防工作的报告，动员各企业机关的职工、城市居民都参加挖防空洞。这种仓促的人防工程建设不仅耗费了大量人力物力，多数建设又是应急上马，施工条件简陋，工程质量极差又造成严重的事故伤亡。第二年雨季之后，这些工事大都报废。

当中苏两国已经进入战争边缘的时刻，苏联领导人却又突然采取了缓和中苏关系的措施。苏联领导人的这一措施，出于多方面考虑。当时苏联在全球主要战略对手是美国，战略重点在欧洲。1968年苏联侵略捷克斯洛伐克已受到国际舆论的强烈谴责，仅半年后又同中国发生武装冲突，其国际形象和在国际共运中的威信已大受损害。中苏两国共同支持的越南抗美救国战争仍在激烈进行，对华战争等于在支持越南的中国背后开刀。另外出动大量军队进攻中国，很难向苏联人民解释，而且进攻中国还必然会陷入人民战争的泥潭。出于这种种原因，苏联部长会议主席柯西金利用9月上旬赴越南参加吊唁胡志明之机，向同时前去吊唁的中国党政代表团提出要在回国时“途经”北京( 实际上柯西金去越南选择的是经印度、缅甸、老挝的航线)，同中国总理会谈。

接到柯西金要求到北京的信息后，毛泽东经过反复考虑后，同意了这一要求。对于中国来说，1969年的国内外形势是十分严峻的，内忧外患交织。“文化大革命”造成了严重混乱，生产下降，虽然“九大”结束后在团结起来、准备打仗的口号下进行了消除派性、制止武斗的大量工作，但是严重的局面并未得到根本改变。中国在南面还要继续支援越南进行抗美战争，在北面又实行全面备战，国家安全受到前所未有的严重威胁。这时美苏两国都发出了缓和对华紧张状态的信号，出于外交战略的考虑，中国很有必要利用国际关系中可利用的矛盾来改善自己在国际战略格局中的地位。正是从上述考虑出发，毛泽东打破了以往一些僵化的模式，决定同苏联领导人进行接触并开始谈判。

当毛泽东同意柯西金“途经”北京的消息发给苏联方面时，柯西金经原航线已返回了苏联中亚的塔什干。可是柯西金仍乘飞机折向东方，于9月11日到达北京，同周恩来在机场进行了为时三个半小时的会谈。周恩来同柯西金见面后，对他仍以“同志”相称，并表示说：“约五年前，毛泽东同志对你说过，理论和原则问题的争论可以吵一万年。但这是理论的争论，对这些争论，你们可以有你们的见解，我们可以有我们的见解。这些争论不应该影响我们两国的国家关系。”周恩来并指出，在边界冲突问题上，中国是被动的；打开地图就会知道，今年发生冲突的地方都是争议地区。你们总说我们要打仗，我们现在国内的事还搞不过来，为什么要打仗呢?

柯西金当时表现出争取和解的态度，向周恩来保证说，苏联没有对中国发起核袭击的打算，并承认两国边界存在着争议地区，两国没有必要为边界问题而打仗。在这次会谈中，两国总理最后根据中国方面的提议达成谅解：首先采取临时措施，使双方武装力量在争议地区脱离接触，避免武装冲突，维持边界现状。在这种谅解的气氛下，两国总理还就恢复互派大使(自“文化大革命”开始后两国在对方大使馆只有临时代办)、扩大贸易和两国间通车通航等问题达成一致意见。最后周恩来提议以两国政府换文的形式把会谈的成果肯定下来，柯西金表示同意。会谈结束时，双方对会谈的成果都表示同意。

柯西金回国之后，苏联方面却突然在两国总理达成的谅解基础上出现了倒退。苏联政府随后通知中国方面，说明苏方已对边防部队下达了避免冲突的指示，没有必要再与中国政府换文。这一改变态度的行为，反映了苏联领导层内对华态度的不一致。据以后得到的消息，勃列日涅夫等人反对柯西金缓和对华政策的意见，仍企图对中国保持高压政策，并想观望当时尚处于动乱中的中国的日后变化再作决策，而不愿受协议的约束。正是由于苏联方面保持这种霸权主义政策，使中苏关系以后仍长期处于紧张状态。不过中苏两国总理会晤的结果，毕竟使双方都采取了缓和边界局势的措施，边界上双方军队从此不再互相射击，苏联边防军人也不再进入有争议的珍宝岛、七里沁岛等地。

中苏紧张局势事实上的缓和带来一个有国际意义的副产品，就是中国和美国双方开始寻求改善中美关系。在中苏总理会晤后，美国为了防止在全球战略中失去有利地位，又马上提出尽快恢复中美大使级会谈，这一建议得到中国方面积极响应。同年12月美国政府宣布又一次放松对华贸易限制，使朝鲜战争以来实行的对华禁运基本取消。这样，中美苏三国的关系如同基辛格所总结的：“到了1969年底，美国同共产党世界的关系就慢慢变成三角关系了”。

1969年10月20日中苏边界谈判在北京开始。在苏联代表团到达北京之前，中共中央曾估计苏联可能以谈判为掩护实施突然袭击，于是在北京又进行了大规模的疏散，毛泽东、林彪等中央领导人和多数老一代领导干部也都被分散安排到外地(这种离京行动事实上并非林彪下达的“第一个战斗命令”所造成)。人民解放军全军这时进入紧急战备状态，国内各城市进行的疏散又和上山下乡结合在一起，总计有上千万城市居民被送到农村落户。

当时，朱德等老一代领导人处于无权甚至无法发表意见的地位，只得私下对那种过火的战备行动表示了不同意见，认为“现在根本看不到任何战争的征兆、迹象嘛。‘醉翁之意不在酒’啊!”虽然苏联在中苏、中蒙边界屯集重兵，对中国构成一定的威胁，毕竟还难以爆发大规模的对华战争。而中国国内受到以“反修防修”为中心的“文化大革命”的全局性错误的严重影响，加上其它原因，对战争的危险性作出了过高的估计。尽管中国处于防御地位，从来没有打算主动挑起对苏战争，但是这种长期过分紧张的战备，不能不对国家经济状况和人民生活造成极为不利的影响。在七十年代前期，中国的国家财政支出有四分之一以上用于军费和与军队直接有关的项目，如再加上民间的备战费用，这一比例高达近三分之一。同时，国内经济建设又偏重于“大小三线”，不仅严重影响了经济发展速度，也为后来的国民经济留下了许多后遗症。

对于六十年代至七十年代中国对战争问题的“过火反应”，胡乔木在《中国为什么犯20年“左”倾错误》一文中，曾将其列为当时中国“左”的错误的五大表现之一。“左”倾错误的产生一般都是在封闭状态之下，作为其表现形式的对战争危险的“过火反应”，恰恰也是对世界局势缺乏科学认识，以自我为中心、“唯我独革”心态的反映。这些教训也证明，在战备问题上过份地夸大战争危险，有时所造成的损失并不比忽视战争危险为小。

中苏之间出现的尖锐对立乃至武装冲突，对过去十分友好的两国人民来说都是非常不幸的。伍修权回顾说：“对于这场30多年前的‘反修大战’，我党已经在种种场合用不同的方式作了新的评价和结论，认为它是可以避免和不该发生的。……我们当时从若干论点到某些做法上，都不能说是完全正确无误的，它是我们党内当时那股‘左’的思潮在对外政策上的反映。毛主席作为这场‘国际反修大战’的最高指挥，一方面表现了他非凡的才智和魄力，另一方面多少也反映出他个人的失误和局限。”中苏边界的自卫反击作战正是在这种特定的历史条件下进行的，其中一些做法不可避免地带有那个时代的烙印。不过在看到当时进行斗争的指导思想和许多政策、策略存在问题的同时，我们也应看到这一斗争从本质上讲，仍是中国捍卫自己民族尊严和领土完整，反对苏联领导人霸权主义行径的行动。经过中国方面的坚决斗争和长期谈判，使苏联方面后来采取比较理智的态度，中苏边界问题逐步得到解决。1991年中共中央总书记江泽民访苏时两国正式签订了中苏边界东段的边界协定，协定明确规定当年双方发生冲突的珍宝岛等地为中国领土。苏联解体后，俄罗斯继续承认中苏边界东段的边界协定。中苏两国间达成的这一边界协定，从另一个侧面证明了二十多年前保卫中国领土斗争的正义性。

Russian Texan

05-18-2004, 11:19 PM

I would love to read Chinese side of the story, but I see nothing but a bunch of question marks on my screen...
Just for the record: I think that island is Chinese, well it is now anyway, and have no problem with China wanting it back, what I have problem with, is the murder of Strelnikov and his group and the way Chinese soldiers were finishing off Soviet wounded...
Would be interesting to see Chechens vs Chinese. One side likes to cut out eyes and another likes to slit throats.

Here are some pictures

The island
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/29.jpg

Chinese soldiers
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/38.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/81.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/84.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/85.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/89.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/99.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/83.jpg

Soviet borderguards using "non-lethal force"
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/86.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/87.jpg

Senior Lt. Strelnikov, first casualty, was shot point blank by Chinese "negotiators".
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/17.jpg

Soviet borderguards
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/24.jpg

Abandoned Chiniese positions
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/18.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/19.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/20.jpg

Funeral
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/02.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/15.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/03.jpg

Colonel Leonov on ice in front of the Damanski island, one of the last photos of him
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/25.jpg

His destroyed T 62
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/95.jpg

His funeral procession
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/31.jpg

Lt. Yanshin
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/39.jpg

Soviet borderguards
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/13.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/47.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/52.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/08.jpg

Armored troop carier on patrol
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/11.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/97.jpg

Veterans and the memorial
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/42.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/14.jpg

35 years after the events, reunion.
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/181.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/178.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/173.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/176.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/172.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/177.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/175.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/174.jpg

The Kop

05-18-2004, 11:46 PM

There is no right or wrong in a conflict, only winner and loser, and obviously Chinese are always the loser. :lol:

In 1969, China was in a political tumoil, and the country was highly unstable.......... and there was a Anti-Russian sentiment within the country , which lead to boder conflict easily, I believe.

Russian Texan

05-18-2004, 11:58 PM

and there was a Anti-Russian sentiment within the country , which lead to boder conflict easily, I believe.

But why? Why they didn't like USSR, after all it had done for them?

J-10

05-19-2004, 12:39 AM

epc

05-19-2004, 12:41 AM

I'll try to translate the Chinese captions better. I'm translating the Russian names from Chinese phonetically, so the spelling will be off. My own comment is within the parenthesis.

http://www.52dby.com/non-cgi/usr/4/4_305.jpg
PLA soldiers and Soviet soldiers confronted each other on the border.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/01_1.jpg
Zhenbao Island, or Damanski Island, from the Soviet side May 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/01_2.jpg
Damanski Island under snow March 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_2.jpg
Peterov. A soldier in the political section of the Soviet Border Guards at Damanski Island. Killed in action March 2, 1969. A camera was discovered on his body. It contained 3 shots he took before he died. This photo of himself was one of the 3, taken February 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_4.jpg
Soviet border guards holding sticks and riding on top of armored vehicles. The author believes the sticks were used for beating Chinese residents.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_5.jpg
Soviet Far Easterm Military Region's 135 Motor Rifle Div., March 1969. The Russian ferocity is well-known, and can be seen in these 2 men's eyes.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_6.jpg
Soviet Union, observation tower of the Kulebiyakoyne border post. Although the photo is artistic, it is showing the beachhead of the invader on our territory.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_3.jpg
Soviet helicopter above Damanski Island. January 25, 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/06_1.jpg
Overall commander of the Soviet troops at Damanski Island, Colonel Constandinov, March 17, 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/06_2.jpg
Col. Constandinov with troops before attacking Damanski Island, March 15, 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/06_3.jpg
The last photo of the Soviet Colonel Leonov, commander of the Damanski Border Guards unit, March 14, 1969. Killed by PLA March 15, 1969

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/06_4.jpg
Probably Lt. Col. Yashen, who is known to have died during the Damanski clash. The Lt. Col. in the photo was probably either lecturing or briefing the troops.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/07_1.jpg
Soviet Border Guards soldiers reading paper on Damanski Island. Looking at them, one can't help but think that those were young, energetic men, driven to the edge of death by the Soviet Government.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/07_3.jpg
At Shemeherovka border post, Soviet Border Guards troops holding a meeting in the field.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/07_4.jpg
Corporal Babenski, 2nd from left, awarded Hero of the Soviet Union after the Damanski clash.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/05_1.jpg
Soviet army vehicles moving to Damanski Island in March 11, 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/05_2.jpg
Armored vehicle of the Soviet border troops at Damanski, March 12, 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/04_1.jpg
http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/04_2.jpg
http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/04_3.jpg
The last 3 pictures were the Soviet army battle maps.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/08_1.jpg
The famous "limping captain," Captain Ivan Stelenikov, killed in action March 2 1969. It was said he often beat Chinese civilian.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/08_2.jpg
Captain Brynevich, killed March 2 1969. He was a intelligence officer.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/08_4.jpg
The bodies of the Soviet soldiers killed during the March 2 clash.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/10_1.jpg
Colonel Leonov, commander of the Soviet Border Guards unit at Damanski, at the funeral of Captains Stelenikov and Brynevich, March 6 1969.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_1.jpg
March 6, 1969, Border Guards troops at Damanski holding funerals for those killed in the clash on March 2.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_3.jpg
The funeral of Captains Stelenikov and Brynevich.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_4.jpg
Relatives of those killed saying final good-bye at the funeral.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_6.jpg

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/09_5.jpg
The dead from the March 2 clash, lying in the coffins.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/10_3.jpg
An old man crying at funeral of Colonel Leonov.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/12.jpg
The wife of Captain Ivan Stelenikov. A wife in mourning; wars only leave tears for people.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/02_1.jpg
Chinese border troops talking with the Soviets over the incident where a Sovient armored vehicle ran over and killed a Chinese civilian, December 1967. (The guy on the right is holding up a little book, probably the Little Red Book, or Chairman Mao's Quotaions, a ubiquitous book in China during that time, the Cultural Revolution.)

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/02_3.jpg
Chinese soldiers on the ice by Damanski Island, March 2 1969. This was one of the 3 photographs taken by Captain Peterov before he was himself killed.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/02_2.jpg
The last of the 3 photos taken by Captain Peterov, March 2, 1969. It was taken before the battle.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/14_1.jpg
Commander of the Soviet Border Guards unit at Damanski, Colonel Leonev, Hero of the Soviet Union.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/14_2.jpg
Hero of the Soviet Union Captain Ivan Stelenikov.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/14_3.jpg
Hero of the Soviet Union Babenski. The 3 pictures above were the citations for the Hero of the Soviet Union from the Damanski clash.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/11_1.jpg
Memorial for the dead in the Damanski clash. It was a cutom for the Soviet newly-wed's to lay flowers for the martyers.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/11_2.jpg
Cemetery for the killed at the Shemeherovka border post.

(My final comment: these photos and captions were published by Chinese. Of course, the Soviets were portrayed as the invaders. Furthermore, the photos and captions sought to emphasize the Soviet casualties and the emotonal suffering of the people left behind by those killed. The unspoken message was that the Soviet government instigated the clash without basis, and the soldieris and their families paid the price for their government's sin.)

Abbyy

05-19-2004, 02:30 AM

The tsarist Russia invaded by force and diplomacy blackmail, forced the government of Chinese Qing dynesty signed many unfair treaty, China lost about 1,500,000 square Km territory.

And what? US do similar things every day: show some power and make some pressure than ask what you want.

They SIGNED these threaties. Who gave you rule to violate them?

Russian Texan

05-19-2004, 02:32 AM

WOW, now I understand why there are restrictions on internet in China.

There is propaganda and there is denial.

Corporal Babenski, second from the left. Killed in action at Damanski. Awarded Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

Him being awarded "Hero of the Soviet Union" in April 1969, looks rather alive to me...
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/13.jpg

Zombie Babenski laying flowers at the Lenin's mausoleum
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/168.jpg

Lt. Col. Yashen, who is known to have died during the Damanski clash.
Funny, the newspaper from which this print was taken dates back to April, 1969 - one month after the clash on Damanski
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/39.jpg

That is him on March 28th
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/157.jpg

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/07_1.jpg

Soviet Border Guards soldiers reading paper on Damanski Island. Looking at them, one can't help but think that those were young, energetic men, driven to the edge of death by the Soviet Government.

Actually they are reading an article that praises their heroism in kicking Chinise intruders out of the Soviet territory.

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/03_5.jpg

Soviet Far Easterm Military Region's 135 Motor Rifle Div., March 1969. The Russian ferocity is well-known, and can be seen in these 2 men's eyes.

If anything, they look bored to me...

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p1/08_1.jpg

The famous "limping captain," Captain Ivan Stelenikov, killed in action March 2 1969. It was said he often beat Chinese civilian.

The only Chinese he had beaten up were Chinese SF soldiers from the 49th army. To give some credit to Chinese SF, Strel'nikov was a very good boxer. And he wasn't killed in action, he was shot point blank during conversation with Chinese "civilians".

Here is few more pics

Combat
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/104.jpg

Leonov's tank raid
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/107.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/101.jpg

T 62 on ice
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/102.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/110.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/117.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/125.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/163.jpg

Soviet borderguards
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/162.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/161.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/158.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/148.jpg

http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/169.jpg

Chinese training
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/164.jpg

Present day
http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/photo/105.jpg

Abbyy

05-19-2004, 02:52 AM

Go Russia! :) Texan the best! :) It was great posts, Texan :)

Russian Texan

05-19-2004, 02:58 AM

J-10

05-19-2004, 03:05 AM

http://jngs.3322.org/mymemo/war_cn/russia/p/t-10_2.jpg

This T-62 tank sank in the river in Mar. 17, 1969. It was got out of the water in May 2, 1969, then was deliveried to Beijing Military Museum soon.

J-10

05-19-2004, 04:09 AM

and there was a Anti-Russian sentiment within the country , which lead to boder conflict easily, I believe.

But why? Why they didn't like USSR, after all it had done for them?

I don't know if it is true about "after all it had done for them". Maybe it was a evil propaganda (K.G.B did it actually) by Soviet.
Well, USSR played a key role in liberation of China from Japanese.
After that it provided China with some basics of the modern civilization and was helping it monetarily, with equipment, food, oil, etc.
Hell, the weapons Chinese used during the conflict were soviet designs...
Most of everything China had back than was given to it by the USSR.

But there was a fact in Jan. 5, 1968, Soviet armoured vehicles bumped and ran over to dead four Chinese border civilian in another island (七里沁岛). Chinese government lodged a serious protest by diplomacy.
So why to attack a soviet island 1 year and 3 month later?

I still don't get it: China adopted USSR's political system, asked and accepted all kinds of help, USSR fully equiped Chinese military - and after that China attacked Russia?

You could translate the last several parts of the article I posted, it will give you some answer. In fact, many Chinese leaders, such as PLA general commander Zhu De opposed the "overdo reaction" with Soviet Union, but you know the "left"-deviationist errors in the "culture revolution"(damn it! ), everything is absurd, (Such as China Chairman Liu Shaoqi was persecuted dead :( ).

Dear Russian Texan, I can understand you. I am wonder why there were ideology conflict between Soviet Union and China in those years. I think Mao Zedong made many errors, he acted autocratically. This part of history is a tragedy. :(

My father had ever worked with a Germany(east) engineer in a power plant in Beijing, He said Soviet Union people were all good friends of China, gave large help to Chinese, He did not understand those ideology conflict too.

16 OBr SpN

05-19-2004, 04:48 AM

Abbyy

05-19-2004, 04:54 AM

Sergei

05-19-2004, 05:22 AM

I've read it somewhere that the Soviet Union had to call bulldozers over to bury all the Chinese dead. I believe it was due to the precision Grad strike.

16 OBr SpN

05-19-2004, 05:39 AM

BTW, during that conflict 14 OBr SpN was operating on a full scale.
Of course, I don't know all the details.

I only know that they were the ones who provided coordinates for the Grad missile strikes, performed deep recon behind the enemy lines, and kidnapped 4 Chinese officers.
1 soldier from the 1st Bat./14 OBr SpN, received the medal of Hero of USSR. Numerous others received other medals.

Regards,
16 OBr SpN

When i once again will be able to be proud by my army?

You should always be proud of our army! :|
I'm not talking about the generals and politicians. I'm talking about the guys who fight in terrible conditions, with crappy food, crappy shoes, heavy vests, cold barracks.
Just like in the song by DDT "The further from the frontline, the fatter the generals".

Remember those 18 year-olds who stormed Grozny and fought like lions; remember the 6th Co. of VDV; remember the Marine tel'nyashka above Dudaev's palace; remember the guys from 22 OBr SpN in Pervomayskoe; remember "Voron" from 24 OBr SpN which was hunting down Chechen commanders right in their villages; and the list goes on....

Each and every one of those episodes is filled with stunning heroism and sacrifice!

Regards,
16 OBr SpN

tomcat1974

05-19-2004, 05:52 AM

mi father meet with a Moldavian guy that was in that area during incidents. He said that at a moment russain evacuated an island claimed by the chinnese part, not before placing enough explosive charges to blow the whole thing. The moldavian said that they actually blowen the Island. Might be only a story.

J-10

05-19-2004, 06:02 AM

Abbyy

05-19-2004, 06:05 AM

How did Soviet Union estimated the figure 700+?

16th already gave you all information that you need in his post. GRU recon groups were involved. Nobody on Chinese side even noticed them because as you see in your articles they do not mentioned

Abbyy

05-19-2004, 06:17 AM

You should always be proud of our army! :|
Regards,
16 OBr SpN

I would like to correct my sentence:
when i once again will be proud how my army equipped and trained, how my army is planning and performing operations.

I always stand proud by heroism of our soldiers.

epc

05-19-2004, 09:53 AM

Corporal Babenski, second from the left. Killed in action at Damanski. Awarded Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

Him being awarded "Hero of the Soviet Union" in April 1969, looks rather alive to me...

I aplogize, for this was a mistake of translation on my part. The original Chinese caption for this photograph simply said:

"巴班斯基下士（左二）珍宝岛战斗后获苏维埃英雄称号 (Corporal Babenski, 2nd from left, awarded Hero of the Soviet Union after the Damanski clash)"

J-10's original English translation:

"A soviet hero (left 2nd) who died in this Zhenbaodao Island combat."

And when I was doing my translation, I was looking at J-10's English translation, the original Chinese caption, and writing my own translation at the same time. Somewhere in the middle of all of it, I had a brain fart and mixed things up.

I will go back and re-edit my post to correct that translation.

UkrainianAmerican

05-19-2004, 05:34 PM

Obr Spn 16,
I think I remember readeing the Spetsnaz GRU was formed in 1974.
Or was it officially acknowledged in 1974, but created earlier? Or do I have completely wrong info?
Thanks.

16 OBr SpN

05-19-2004, 05:57 PM

Obr Spn 16,
I think I remember readeing the Spetsnaz GRU was formed in 1974.
Or was it officially acknowledged in 1974, but created earlier? Or do I have completely wrong info?
Thanks.

The birth of Spetsnaz GRU - October 24, 1950. This is when the directive was signed to create Separate Spetsnaz Companies.
By 1964, the number of Separate Companies was cut to 11, and separate Brigades were formed (10 total).

The birth of our brigade - January 1, 1962.

As you see, we have several dates of celebrations apart from regular holidays. :)

Regards,
16 OBr SpN

UkrainianAmerican

05-19-2004, 06:01 PM