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2RHPZ
06-21-2004, 05:28 PM
Captured in Hatten

The POW Diary of Glenn E. Schmidt

Vern Schmidt of Fresno, California, is one of the veterans whose story is told
in "9 Lives: An Oral History." Vern’s brother, Glenn Schmidt, recently published
his prisoner of war diary in the newsletter of the 42nd "Rainbow" Division, and
after it appeared he received a letter from Jack Nickell explaining some of the
circumstances surrounding their capture.

Schmidt was captured in the village of Hatten and was incarcerated at Bad Orb,
one of the worst of the Nazi prison camps. Following World War II, he joined the
Air Force and retired as a major in 1967, after 26 years in the service.


This is January 24, 1945. I have been a German prisoner for two weeks. I, with
over a hundred other fellows from A, B, D and AT companies, was captured at
approximately 1900 hours January 9, in pillbox No. 9, a part of the Maginot Line
located just outside the town of Hatten on the French-German border in Alsace
territory.

Although I am now weak from hunger and our meager diet I thank our dear Lord
that I am still alive; for I have seen my buddies die and others in agony. God
alone brought me out of a murderous Jerry ambush where bullets actually hit me.
The night of our capture our company commander was severely wounded. The
admiration I have for this man in spite of his wounds is a story to be told at
some later date. Prior to our capture a direct hit on the turret killed my buddy
Smith and caused Captain Corson to fall with wounds to the eye and shoulder.
With the command to "hold the line at all costs," he would not yield to pressure
from the Germans to surrender.

The night of our capture we were marched in groups to Buel, a mile or so away.
The town was under heavy American artillery fire. Several buildings were already
afire. While we were standing in two groups in the street in front of a
schoolhouse, a shell came in, landing on the street between us, and ricocheted
into the building without exploding. I can only explain it as a miracle by the
grace of God.

Directly across the street from the building we were forced to stay in was one
which seemed to light up the whole area. I believe it was a church. It was a
perfect target for artillery to zero in on during such a dark, cold night. I
prayed all night long for protection. We flattened to the floor every time we
heard one coming close.

It seemed our building was hit only once that night with no one hurt. The scream
of those shells is terrifying. By morning that church was well ablaze.

We were taken by truck then to a town about three miles behind the lines and
ordered into a small room for about an hour. We were given a loaf of bread for
six men. I saved part of mine. Then we were marched over to a group of small
barracks. There we were given some yellow honey-butter which was very rich and
went quite well with the dark German bread. I melted some snow to wash my hands
and then some more in which I put some lemon powder and sugar from a K-ration.
That night I was questioned and searched and then put into another barracks.

The interrogator had a company roster and tried to pursue speaking to me in
German. I told him I wasn’t German. His retort: "Well, your name indicated it!"

Back in the barracks I found more of the first platoon. I laid down with Morrow
and Johnson. Morrow was so glad to see me and said he’d thought about me and my
wife and baby all through the fight, wondering if I’d get out alive. Burge was
lying on the floor with a bullet in his left thigh. With our insistence, some
German medics took him out after a while. They used flashlights freely and in
just a few minutes our artillery came in within 100 yards. However, we slept
most of the night and at about 0400 we were loaded on trucks and taken to a very
large town.

On the way we passed some Japanese soldiers with our guards making fun of them
by laughing and calling them "Japansky." We passed at slow speed a couple of
trucks hauling 88mm shells to the front. If I’d had a grenade it would have been
goodbye truck! The names of many small towns I do not remember; however, they
may be recalled through use of a map.

In this town we got some hot potato and barley soup and then we were marched
through town to another [town] about 12 miles away. We stopped only once for
five minutes. Each road leading to the front is fixed with rugged tank blocks.
Other than that there doesn’t seem to be too much in the way of defenses. We saw
a little armor and artillery but Jerry is very weak. All of the infantry seemed
to be moving up on foot. They have an advantage in firepower because they have
so many machine pistols.

That night over 300 of us crowded into a small room. There were bunks but almost
half had to sleep on the floor. Minah slept with me. We also got a small piece
of bread and some jam. About 0400 the next morning we started out hiking again
and went about 27 miles to a collecting camp at Longestoole.

We were well-treated but not so well-fed. We were searched but not questioned.
In all this I was able to keep my wedding ring, pocket knife and New Testament.
What a help the knife is to me now; and what a blessing the Testament is to all
of us.

The second day there U.S. bombers blasted the town and rail yards only a mile
away. They did quite well by not hitting us. They also dropped propaganda
leaflets.

A day or so later I saw a B-26 being shot down.

An English speaking German Sergeant was very helpful. He had traveled through
the States. While only there a couple of days, eighty of us were taken by truck
about 70 miles. We stayed that night in a German bar. An awful picture of Hitler
hung on the wall. I wanted to tear it down.

About 0600 we started hiking again to Germersheim, a rail center about 12 miles
away. My feet were so sore from those new bootpacks I could hardly walk. My left
foot has not healed yet. But I’m in great shape when I consider some of the
other fellows. The walking wounded are a study in real courage. I should be so
fortunate.

That day we were placed into a dark room of a wall in an old fort and we were
told we could not leave before dark. The room was cold and unlit. We had to
stand up all the time. A pile of frozen potatoes was in the corner. I ate my
last piece of bread and meat with half an onion I located on the floor. We had
been given two hunks of bread, sausage and butter which was to be rations for
two days. By this time our bodies were too weak to adequately resist the cold,
but I could feel the Lord giving me strength.

About 1500 we marched down to some barracks for a little ersatz coffee. It
doesn’t help the body at all. A barrage balloon was in the air above us and we
could hear a dogfight going on between one of theirs and one of ours way
overhead.

We boarded a third class coach about 1800. Very fortunate to get such fine
riding. We went about 15 miles to Speyer and there waited in a railroad station.
Then we took another coach to Heidelberg where we waited about 45 minutes in an
air raid shelter. We were a haggard bunch, not having washed or shaved for many
days. The people stared at us and many said some awful things. Good thing I
can’t understand the language.

I have thought many times of ways to escape but I don’t have the slightest idea
where we are or which way to go. It is so cold and always seems to be overcast.
How could I get my bearings? In my present shape I probably wouldn’t get very
far. These clothes are a handicap, too. Perhaps there may be a time and way.
Meantime my buddies may need a helping hand.

From Heidelberg we departed in a cold baggage car. Haas and I sat together
against the wall with his overcoat covering us. We rode this way to Frankfurt
where we got on a better passenger car. All 80 of us crowded into half of it so
I had to stand up all the way. We arrived and got off at the outskirts of Bad
Orb and came up in the little tram railway about three miles to Bad Orb. It’s a
pretty little town and seems to be unaffected by the war so far. We passed a
confection shop with chocolate displayed in the window. When I get out of here
I’m making a trip downtown and I believe the treat will be on the house!

After leaving town we hiked about three miles uphill to where we are now. My,
how I hate this filth and monotony. We arrived on the 16th. A Jerry guard in a
GI overcoat was at the gate. He said we’d live from five to seven months on what
we get to eat here. I wonder how right he’s going to turn out to be.

On the 17th we got a "hot" shower without soap and our clothes were deloused. We
then moved into a wood/cement barracks with men from the 100th, 70th, 79th, and
106th Divisions so we totaled over 300 in this one large room. We sleep on the
floor on sort of straw ticks. They are loaded with lice from previous occupants.

We go down to the mess hall for a barrel of ersatz tea for the group each
morning – about two-thirds of a canteen cup for breakfast. Dinner is one liter
of soup – carrot, potato or barley. There is seldom a piece of meat in it.

Haas and I eat and drink out of his helmet as I had to leave mine back at the
bunker with a hole or two in it. For supper we are getting one-sixth of a loaf
of bread and an ounce of margarine. Some nights we get a spoonful of jam or meat
or cheese. That is not enough to live on and we are getting steadily weaker and
thinner. Some have pneumonia and many have diarrhea. (300 grams of bread, 50 of
oleo is our supper tonight).

This is Sunday, January 21st. It is Vernon’s birthday. Sure do miss him. He’s a
grand brother. Hope his Army life is better than this.

This is Sunday, January 28th. It has been bad for us. Last night two hungry GIs
got into the kitchen. A guard discovered them eating bread under a table. As he
shone the flashlight on one, the other chopped him on the head 14 times with a
hatchet or cleaver. They got us all out in the snow. Machine guns were pointed
at us from all directions. The matter was eventually put into our hands and then
the two were found. We were promised nothing to eat until they were found. While
standing in a daze and half frozen with the snow coming down I saw for the very
first time the glory in the beautiful shape and designs of a snowflake as they
landed on the hair and jacket of the man in front of me. I knew then, for
certain, there is a God and He cares for me.

Friday, February 2nd. Today we received one 12-pound Red Cross box to be divided
among four men. My, how we enjoyed it! It was Christmas and New Years to a lot
of fellows.

Saturday, February 3rd, was our first wedding anniversary. How I hated to spend
it here. Hope my dear wife was not in anxiety over me. Hope she and Mom baked us
a cake. I love her and Lonnie more than ever.

This is Wednesday, February 6. We have just been strafed by our planes. Several
fellows killed and everyone plenty scared. It would be better if we were allowed
a red cross on one of the barracks. One thing I noticed later today. The clock
tower is stopped. A bullet came right out the hole of the 6 – pretty good aim!

Tuesday, February 13. Today the chaplain wanted each barracks to elect whom they
considered the best all-around fellow in the barracks. One who was clean-cut,
did all he could for his fellow man, and didn’t shirk details but volunteered
for them. Dwight Hall was elected with 78 votes. I was second choice with 72.
"Norby" got a pack of cigarettes out of the deal. The whole affair showed that I
am well liked and thought of in this group of men. I’m so glad the Lord gives me
grace to pray before all these fellows every night. I love to hear the hearty
"Amen" as I finish – it shows I do not pray alone.

One Sunday night a short while back we were lined up in the barracks and
carefully scrutinized by face and dogtags. All the Jewish boys were pulled out
and sent to the salt mines it is said. I don’t know what will become of them.*

It is now Thursday, February 22. Ninety more men moved out now so only 104
remain. I don’t know what is to become of them. Where are they being taken? It
doesn’t look good to me. Today I was elected assistant barracks leader. Peterson
is the detail man now. Our soup has been slightly thicker the past few days and
lights are on until 1930. Hope Patton comes over the hill pretty soon. The
planes fly, bomb, strafe this area continually. Sure looks good.

This is Saturday, February 24th. Been married 55 weeks and Lonnie is 13 weeks
old. Would sure like to see what he looks like – [he was] born while we were at
Camp Kilmer. I’m pretty thin now. Can’t sit on a bench without a blanket. Good
news today – the 1st, 9th and 3rd Armies have begun their big push. White bread
and peanut butter soon, we hope. A note on the bulletin board says April 15 when
we begin work outside the camp we’ll get more to eat – big deal!

Now it’s Sunday, March 4. It’s been snowing hard the last few days. But it
hasn’t seemed to hinder our fliers for yesterday and last night the bombers went
over continually and this barracks rocked from one end to the other. We could
see flashes in the sky. I wish it were artillery. Today I was chosen to go as a
witness to the funerals of three of our men who died of pneumonia. That is
official but we all know it was starvation. It snowed all the while. The boxes
were of plain pine and [had] no names on them. We were dressed in overcoats,
gloves and helmet liners. We marched in a column of twos behind the caskets. Six
pall bearers to each casket. A 15-man German guard of honor walked ahead. The
irony – only thing they were there for was to prevent us from escaping. Chaplain
Neel read the sermon and sprinkled dirt on the caskets. It was certainly cold.
My hands and feet nearly froze. We had no flags or bugle. It is my understanding
that only recently have we been provided boxes for the burial. Prior to that
they were carried on pallets on the two-wheel cart and dumped into the huge pit
I saw today.

Chapel service was really good this night. Neel preached from Jeremiah on making
vows to God here and then perhaps forgetting or breaking them when we get back
to the U.S. He also mentioned cursing and reread the marriage vows to us. My,
they sounded good as memories of that Thursday night as my precious wife joined
me came back so clear.

Today’s soup was peas, potatoes and meat. No salt. I had a rib that was either
goat or dog. A dog’s hind leg would certainly go excellent just now. Tonight we
have bread, oleo, and 30 grams of raw bologna. Some time ago Haas and I got one-half
the pelvis bone of a horse that they brought in on a wagon. He had been dead
quite a while as his legs were really spread out. We carved out the marrow very
carefully with my trusty knife. Haas has been a real buddy to allow me to eat
with him from his helmet. I had made a spoon so we both have equal portions.

Sunday, March 24th. I have been in barracks 30A since the 8th. Received a Red
Cross package (three to a barracks) on the 14th. What a help. Days have been
nice but our food has been decreased. Been having burials all week. Many men are
dying. Trying to have Bible class every day. Liberation perhaps by Easter. News
very favorable and watching artillery hit about 15 miles from our hilltop
barracks. Have to delouse twice a day to sleep at all at night. Think and dream
very often of wife and family.

Sunday, April 2, 1945. Things are noisy all around us. While out under a tree
with a group of fellows tonight some .50-caliber fire came up over our heads. We
went back in a hurry. Not locked in and I believe the guards are gone!

Monday – we are liberated by troops of the 44th Division. What a glorious day
this is. Too late for many but praise God the rest of us are free at last.

(Footnote: Glenn has returned to his place of capture and to Stalag IXB on more
than one occasion. The story of his son finding his steel helmet in the bunker
at Hatten has been told in the Rainbow Reveille.)

2RHPZ
06-21-2004, 05:30 PM
Part 2

Jack Nickell’s letter

This letter, written by Jack Nickell to Glenn Schmidt some 54 years after being
captured during World War II, shares some of the incidents leading up to their
capture and the hardships they endured as POWs.

PATEROS, Wash. Sept. 13, 1999:

Dear friend Glenn,

It thrills me to get a letter from you. I have grown to expect one at Christmas
time. Other times they are special going over old times.

Glenn, I am really sorry that we in the 60mm mortars didn’t give you more help
on that bridge that crossed the creek where you were dug in to prevent the
Germans from crossing. Smokey Stover asked me to go up to the [Company
headquarters] to get some 60mm ammo before daylight the morning of Jan. 6th or 7th.
That old West Virginian loved his liquor but he was a physical specimen that was
ready to fight at the drop of a hat. He had the advantage. He knew he was going
to win.

When we got up to the Company headquarters in Hatten it was still dark. There
was the weapons platoon’s jeep close to the headquarters. Lt. Heavey had been
using it with Novasinski driving. It wasn’t being used at that time. Smokey
suggested we had need of it to haul the ammo down to our position not far from
the Maginot pillbox. He told someone, I don’t remember who, we would bring the
jeep back shortly. Two ignorant Privates, as if they were somebody. I imagine it
was three miles down and back. It didn’t take long. It was uneventful. We were
within 100 yards of the bunker. Al Nusser was the first gunner and I believe the
top mortarman I knew. With more ammo, he suggested to Gotterdam that we move
behind the hill to our rear, dig our emplacement again and notify our rifle
buddies to move under cover. We would zero in on (1) the bridge, (2) the
schoolhouse, (3) the church building.

It was now daylight and the Germans had moved back. We intended to record our
declination and inclination for our new 81mm mortar sight we were now using on
our 60mm. Sgt. Gotterdam didn’t recognize that if we were to reposition
ourselves you fellows could call mortars on that bridge at any time later.
Especially the next night and it may have been helpful. The answer was no. He
said we couldn’t waste ammo like that. We couldn’t even fire on the target ahead
of time. As a consequence we had no way of firing on the bridge the next night
when it was so badly needed by you riflemen. We regretted our inability to do
it.

Glenn, do you recall Mario Del Aqua from San Diego? When Al covered for me and I
was thawing my feet in the pillbox, Del Aqua came in. On occasion he had seen me
reading my New Testament. He said to me confidentially he had killed several
Germans with a hand grenade. Would he go to hell? I related to him that when God
in King David’s time gave the promised land to the children of Israel, He
required them to wipe out the wicked inhabitants of that land. The Germans as a
nation had perpetrated the worst war the world has ever known. My understanding
is they were responsible for that war and should pay the consequences.

Al Nusser and I got trapped out in our emplacement but stayed with it and
frosted our feet on that real cold night. I believe that was the same night that
you couldn’t leave your post watching that bridge. It was so cold that anyone
who was not free to move about froze his feet that night. Within 36 hours we
were on that terrible forced march. Some of the fellows had just gotten new
[boot]packs before. I was envious I hadn’t, but though my feet were frosted with
the old footwear they at least fit my foot. The poor rascals who got the new
packs had horribly blistered feet. Remember Ed Evers from Ohio? He got charley
horses so bad we were concerned the Germans were gong to kill him if he fell.
Doug Faraier from Detroit and I had him rest one arm around Doug’s neck with the
other around mine.

Doug and I had a terrible time getting going the next morning. I can hardly
understand how you with the new packs that had caused massive blisters could
stand those sore feet mile after mile. I have been asked how I kept going with
two of us struggling while assisting Evers. For a while we would pick out
perhaps a tree ahead and our goal was to make it to the tree. We couldn’t stand
to see Ed shot. By nightfall we had quit picking out a tree. We were praying
that we could make each step. But Ed Evers made it. I know your feet were in
worse shape than mine. I know God heard your frequent prayers. I am sure Christ
vividly recalled praying that He could make just one more step as He carried
that terrible tree up Golgotha. How well He understood our frequent prayers –
they were not vain repetitions.

Remember that night when they put us on those smoking charcoal Lorries after
departing from the schoolhouse shortly after being taken prisoner? Those planes
dropping bombs on either side of us? If it hadn’t been for that German guard at
the rear end of the truck, it would have been tempting to try to unload and make
a getaway. I thought our time had come. When the shelling let up I softly said
to Al, "I haven’t ever prayed so hard in my life."

"Nick, you sure were not by yourself. I am sure your prayers were ascending with
mine."

Glenn, I recall some of the hardships we shared at Bad Orb, Stammlager IX B. I
recall how we were so short of clothes that we never removed them for three
months. I had to sleep cooperative with a group of five. We had to take turns,
three on our sides with two on our backs on that hard naked concrete floor. We
would shift and have a different three and two. So on into the night until
someone would say, "I am going to have to stand a little while."

Lights out meant just that. We respected the overhead American planes’ firepower
to the degree we didn’t ever make a light.

I had an overcoat most of the time but no blanket. It seems as if we had two and
a half blankets and one overcoat in our group of five persons snuggling with all
the clothes we had to keep warm. We had a foot or foot and a half wide paths
towards the honey buckets. Fortunate was the person who never had the runs. Most
had them on more than one occasion due to the unsanitary conditions.

We were constantly hungry. We had seven to a food group most of the time. They
had a loaf of dark bread per group of seven plus potato soup, usually less than
a potato smaller than a baked potato per person per group of seven all in one
helmet. I know, Glenn, you had to share helmets with a buddy in your group since
your helmet was hit and had several holes in it so it was left behind useless. I
presume you and your buddy had 2/7 of your group’s soup helmets allotment.

This led to frequent dysentery. What a stinking mess those paths would be when
someone with the runs could only inch along towards the honey buckets in the
room with the water faucet in it at the end of a barrack that had perhaps 100-plus
people in it. All the while absolutely dark.

When someone caught a cold it often turned to pneumonia and that person would be
carried to the cemetery. How sad it was to see a young man perhaps 20 years old
whose body couldn’t stand the filth, disease, exposure, due mainly to the lack
of food.

Glenn, do you remember the slit trench latrines with posts and poles between the
posts to lean against? Nearly every user would backfire a shot to the center of
the trench without even trying. That was a daytime luxury.

I recall when the evenings came. Dwight Hall would get a larger ration so he
could sing some solos but also lead the barracks in hymns. I enjoyed getting
close to you as we sang. I vividly recall your beautiful tenor "When the Saints
Go Marching In."

I recall we were hauled from Bad Orb when liberated to Frankfurt in American
trucks. One C-47 after another took us from Frankfurt to Le Havre, but that was
four or five days after Easter 1945, the day we were liberated. Glenn, I
remember in our closing prayer after Dwight sang so beautifully, the last three
weeks we prayed, we would ask to be free by Easter. If I remember, that was what
you requested, and our Loving God listened and granted.

Glenn, as my wife Zella and I prayed this evening I thanked Him for listening to
our mutual prayers in our youth because He has granted us 52 plus years together
as husband and wife. I am thankful for God’s grace for those years, when I knew
our prison and combat mutual prayers were for minutes instead of years
oftentimes. We paid a price, but our rewards have been worth it.

I recall that before daylight one morning the Germans threw open the barracks
door and ordered us to "evacuate as you are." "Raus! Raus!" As we rushed out we
could see the Germans had set up and were manning the machine guns outside the
fence. They made us join ranks and stand at attention. It appeared as if they
might open up the machine guns. We all had seen individuals who were in good
shape pass out. How long before we suffering malnutrition would pass out and
break ranks? Many were praying it wouldn’t happen.

We knew we had a serious problem, but what? After a couple of hours they ordered
us in the barracks, each in his own place. My overcoat disappeared, blankets
disappeared. When we turned the water faucet on there was no water. Shortly a
German explained that two Americans had hidden in the kitchen and had used a
meat cleaver on two Germans. At least one of the Germans was physically able to
tell what happened. Then the Germans ordered the two Americans to be turned over
to the proper Germans and the water would be off until they were certain what
happened. Quite a dilemma! Two starving Americans in the kitchen trying to steal
something to eat. The camp knew without water it would be intolerable. In one of
the barracks someone recalled not seeing two fellows. They took them to the
window and in the daylight they detected spots of blood. They were turned over
to the Germans and to this day I don’t know the outcome of either the Germans or
the Americans.

When the Americans came and checked the cistern water it was condemned for (1)
drinking (2) cooking (3) clothes washing (4) bathing (5) animal use. Without
that same water faucet in the end of the barracks it would have been impossible
to have cleaned up the stench of those who didn’t make it to the honey bucket.
Wasn’t it wonderful the Army required all those shots all soldiers complain
about? I am convinced that without the shots the casualties in Bad Orb would
have been far greater.

We had time on our hands, we were weak from hunger, and couldn’t have done much
work in our physical condition. It was common for POWs to be marched on the
roads so when the American planes came over they might strafe the columns. It
was nearly liberation time before we understood why we were not. We didn’t have
a doctor in camp but we did have a dentist whose name I can’t recall. He served
as a doctor. He diagnosed two men suffering from malnutrition to have spinal
meningitis as well. When one of these men grew worse he diagnosed another nearby
man as having caught meningitis. The Germans didn’t want to expose their people.
The dentist’s foresight saved countless lives. That same dentist was a fine
singer. As we got closer to being liberated there would be more carried out to
burial. One morning as the corpses were being carried out we came to attention
and amongst us was the dentist. How fitting it was, when he in a rich beautiful
voice sung Brahms’ Lullaby. As we stood there on this occasion, how fitting. It
would be fitting for me when my time comes. Dwight Hall, sometimes called
Blackie, has gone on before us Glenn. He would have sung that song well.

I remember sharing the Red Cross packages. Each prisoner was supposed to get a
package per week. We had slightly less than one in three months. I recall how
each seven numbered one, two, three etc. to seven. We started counting each
thing by taking our pick starting with No. 1. Then all in turn. Next item No. 2
had first pick. Next item No. 3 had first pick. We went through that exercise,
even opening up the raisins. We didn’t even take for granted that M&Ms were all
the same size. I doubt if any small thing was divided up more carefully and more
fairly.

I recall the small box of cheese was divided that way also. Glenn, do you
remember we would suck even raisins trying to get the very last smidgeon of food
value? Most divided their portion and made it last as long as possible.

I recall a fellow grabbed machine gunner Sloan’s morsel of cheese and swallowed
it quickly before we were aware of what happened. I recall that court-martial.
They found the thief guilty and he was given his choice – to man the honey
bucket until we were liberated or be put to death. At the time no one quarreled
about that decision. With many starving and all on the brink of starvation,
thievery of food just could not be. I don’t believe I ever knew who sat on that
trial but a good decision was made.

This is quite a few remembrances but we could go on. Last one. When Nusser and I
got some food our systems couldn’t handle it. We ate anyhow and heaved again and
again. I recall Al looking over at me, sick as could be, and he said, "Nick, I
am going to be happy even if I die because I have had something to eat." I
agreed as undoubtedly all of the hungry GIs imprisoned there at Bad Orb would
have if they would have been within hearing distance.

Your Company "A," 242nd Infantry, 42nd Division Rainbow Buddy, Jack Fulton
Nickell

2RHPZ
06-21-2004, 05:33 PM
Part 3

Captain William Corson's speech

(Note from Glenn Schmidt: This remarkable man became my company commander going
over on the boat. Previous articles of mine tell of his courage under fire. I
talked to him 6-24-95. He is doing well. He lost the sight of his right eye in
combat action at Hatten 1-9-45.

June 17, 1995. Dear World War II Comrades:

I trust you will excuse this joint letter rather than an individual message
which I would have preferred.

I will start at the right place – the beginning. Two months ago the program
chairman of our local Kiwanis club asked me to give the talk at our meeting to
commemorate the end of World War II. I soon realized this was quite a task.
First, the talk had to be 30 minutes with very little plus or minus variation.
As I started to work I soon had enough for over two hours and the pruning was
started. Next was the need to fit the audience, business and professional men,
many of whom were under 50 years of age, and a sizeable group of retired
members, about half of them too young for WWII service. Added to this was my
determination to tell them something they had not read in history books, and
there was the need to hold their interest.

I was rather pleased with the finished product and hope you will each enjoy
reading it. None of the facts will be new, and I hope you agree with my
selection – even the necessity of making many quotations shorter than I
preferred. I took a bit of liberty here and there but tried to hold very close
to the actual events.

My major disappointment was in having to leave out a very critical episode, one
of great importance to me. At dusk on Jan. 8 I sent a patrol, led by Lt. Heavey,
to check the open area immediately east of Hatten. In a short time he was on the
phone, describing in detail what they had observed as they lay buried in the
heavily falling snow. There were two German vehicles just across the little
stream, with five officers, evidently of considerable rank, looking at maps and
studying the eastern side of Hatten. I immediately passed this information to
Battalion, later adding more detail after the patrol returned. A little before
midnight I had a call from the Battalion commanding officer informing me that he
had sent a patrol to that area. They could find no vehicle tracks. Furthermore,
he was tired of getting false patrol reports and wanted me and the patrol leader
to report to him at 9:00 the next morning. As you all know I was a little too
busy on Jan. 9 to carry out that order. Later there were many sleepless hours in
Leipzig as I pondered what might have happened if some tank destroyer and
artillery support had been alerted at the time this patrol did such a
magnificent job.

Now I have to bother you with another interesting episode – my talk was
scheduled for June 8. I awoke that morning with considerable pain, and found I
was unable to stand. Tibby immediately called one of my very close friends, a
veteran of the 87th Division, who came over to get a copy of the speech and
delivered it in my place. He did an excellent job as you can tell from the
enclosed Kiwanis bulletin.

I spent one week at the VA Medical Center in Asheville and am now home getting
my strength back to normal. There were the usual tests but no definite
conclusions.

I trust you will find this interesting – Tibby joins me in greeting to your
families.

Yours in The Rainbow, Bill Corson

Thank you for the opportunity to speak as we pay our respect to those who fought
for our country in many parts of the world.

My talk today is based on information from those who participated in a small but
very important part of World War II, and from publications dealing with this
subject. By far the most valuable has been this book: "Winter Storm – War in
northern Alsace, November 1944 to March 1945." The author, Lise Pommois, was a
7-year-old girl in southern France in 1945, and now teaches English in a French
school. She has devoted all her spare time and resources to research this
subject, including War Department records, attending veterans’ reunions and
hundreds of personal contacts. I had the pleasure of a visit with her in
Milwaukee in 1993.

It is good to have a day of recognition for those who served in World War II,
and to honor those who made the supreme sacrifice. As time passes it is
unfortunate that many details fade from memory and only the big picture remains.
We recall Pearl Harbor, Corregidor and Bataan, D-Day, Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal and
Hiroshima. Names like Eisenhower, MacArthur, Nimitz, Patch and Patton are given
proper places of honor in our history books. But the important names were
generally unknown 50 years ago and are forgotten today.

I refer to the foot soldier, the artilleryman, the mine layer, the mechanic, the
first aid man, the MP, the gunner aboard ship, those in the assault waves and
many others. This list includes those from the lowest ranking enlisted man to
the officers leading in combat. One writer has expressed it this way: "A battle
is fought, and won or lost, by a team of men. Official records give the broader
picture only; they do not keep the memory of all those individual acts of
heroism which contribute to the final victory. The man who carries the
ammunition is as important as the man who fires the gun."

Today I want to tell you what one team of young men accomplished. Let me
emphasize that this World War II story could be told dozens of times, but with
different actors and scenery. Similar acts of heroism, valor, courage and
devotion to country were repeated too many times.

In 1943 the last three American Army Divisions, about 13,000 men in each, were
activated and started training. One of these was the 42nd, the Rainbow Division
which had gained fame in World War I when commanded by a young general named
Douglas MacArthur. Training proceeded quite well from July until the following
February. Suddenly, a large number of men were transferred to replacement units,
needed to support the planned invasion of Europe. Training was interrupted as
new men were added to the skeleton forces, delaying advanced exercises. Then
came another interruption. Following D-Day there was an urgent need for front-line
troops and the process was repeated, except a larger percentage of the soldiers
were taken away. And the replacements were different, generally quite capable
young men who had been working in Army offices or going to school.

An interesting group came from the ASTP, or Army Specialized Training Program.
In theory this was an excellent idea, giving the young soldiers an education and
following with a commission as an officer. At one time over 133,000 were
enrolled. However, in 1944 it was decided that the books should be replaced with
rifles.

Here is how one soldier described his experience: "After graduating from high
school, just before my 18th birthday I became Army serial No. 13201259. I had it
made the program would graduate me in engineering with a commission in the Army
engineers I was assigned to Carnegie Tech soon the word was passed around that
the ASTP was to be discontinued most of us were ordered to Infantry Basic
Training in Tennessee. Then we were sent to the Rainbow Division at Camp Gruber,
Oklahoma. What we walked into was a review of the entire division and a pep talk
by the Division Commander. That same evening we were issued our rifles. Mine was
fairly worn out, and actually failed to operate when I was called upon to use it
in combat. We never had a chance to function fire these rifles before going to
the front lines."

Now to return to my story – about the middle of September an order was issued in
Washington, alerting the last three divisions in the U.S. to prepare for
overseas duty. Due to the urgent need for front line troops, only the infantry
regiments from each division would embark from Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, in early
December. The Division Commander and staff, Artillery, Engineers and Ordnance
would follow when ships were available.

During the next few weeks battle training was forgotten as weapons had to be
dismantled, packed for shipment and endless paperwork details handled.

Following a train ride from Oklahoma to New Jersey, a few hours’ shopping in New
York, and a Thanksgiving dinner, 9,000 apprehensive young men were loaded into a
black sardine can named the SS General Black. The ocean trip was generally
uneventful except for seasick soldiers in cramped quarters. However, one
incident must be mentioned. A company commander was relieved of his command and
replaced by a captain who had not trained one day with the men while in
Oklahoma. This captain had spent 16 months on the division staff or attending
schools for staff training. In no way could it be said that he was qualified to
lead 180 young men into combat. I can make that statement very definitely since
I was that captain.

The first picture of the effects of war was when we sailed into the harbor at
Marseilles, France, dodging sunken ships and looking at a scene of ruin. The men
were given a taste of what was to come as they marched in a cold December rain
to a muddy hilltop, our temporary home. Our ingenious soldiers learned rapidly –
by the second night in France they knew that a package of cigarettes or some
candy bars, placed under an overturned pail near a fence, would turn into a
bottle of wine by morning. The fact that the bottle contained about half water
did not bother them.

What was ahead for these young men, anxious to get an unwelcome assignment
completed? It was generally thought we would be in reserve, in a quiet area,
waiting for the balance of our division to arrive. Then there might be a bit of
excitement, the war would soon be over and we would go home. Unfortunately, in
the Army, events do not always materialize as expected.

I will try to give you a brief picture of the Allied military situation in
Europe in December 1944. Only one word is needed: confusion. One soldier has
written his evaluation of the situation: "Within a period of six or seven days,
we moved six times, and we couldn’t see any sense in it. The whole deal looked
like a waste of gasoline and a successful effort to keep us from having a
night’s sleep. We had heard rumors that our lines were thing and this jockeying
was being done by the Seventh Army in an attempt to confuse the Germans. If the
enemy was as much confused as we were, we thought, it was a thoroughly
successful maneuver."

I might add that the officers knew little more than the GI. One morning my
company moved to a barren, frozen hillside with orders to dig defensive
positions covering an area about three times larger than we were capable of
adequately defending. After four hours of chipping away at the frozen ground, we
were told that this position would not be defended, so we moved to another
frozen spot about ten miles away and started digging again.

This was during the Battle of the Bulge, when Patton moved his army north to
stop the Germans, leaving some big holes which had to be filled, or at least
partially filled. All problems were not on the front lines. It has been said
that Jan. 1, 1945 was perhaps the worst single day in General Eisenhower’s
career in Europe. A surprise German air attack had destroyed over 200 planes on
the ground; Field Marshal Montgomery was demanding that he be given complete
command of Allied ground forces; an important battle was lost when a general
ignored an order, and the arrogant French General De Gaulle was causing trouble
and demanding an audience with Churchill, Roosevelt and Eisenhower.

To add to the problems, Hitler was planning a new attack. After several meetings
with his generals, a plan for an attack was formulated on December 28. Hitler
closed the last conference with this statement: "The task set for the new
offensive does not go beyond what is possible and can be achieved with our
available forces. We are committing eight divisions."

An article titled "War’s Last Eruption" has been written by a scholar who
devoted his life to an in-depth study of World War II. He summarizes this
offensive in these words: "This German attack would result in terrible fighting
during the worst winter in Europe in 20 years. A total of 295,000 French and
125,000 American troops were involved in the German operation Nordwind (North
Wind) and the related battle in the Colmar Pocket. Losses were heavy. The battle
cost the Americans alone more than 29,000 casualties, including 7,000 dead."

Now we will take a look at how our young, poorly trained soldiers fought. One of
the first battles was an attempt to drive the enemy out of a small town. After
three days of fighting and taking heavy losses, the Americans had to withdraw.
Here is part of an official after-action report: "So ended a tragic battle, one
which unfortunately saw the participants come under their first baptism of fire.
Despite the outcome, no discredit can be brought upon them, for they fought
bravely against insurmountable obstacles. The final result was undoubtedly due
to the apparent lack of intelligence on the part of the Task Force as to the
proper enemy strength and disposition. The officers and men were given the
impression they would encounter small enemy patrols. They had absolutely no idea
of the trouble they would run into. The obvious lack of sorely needed vital
support to accompany the infantrymen, in the form of tanks, large guns and
bazooka ammunition to counter the German armor, stemmed from erroneous G-2
information on the enemy situation." Please note, this is not an opinion written
at a later date, but an official report made immediately after the battle.

However, I would like to quote a statement by one of the participants: "It was a
strikingly different 2nd Battalion from the one that had entered the Alsatian
village a little more than three days before. Tattered uniforms, stained by mood
and blood, covered the exhausted bodies of men who had lived a thousand lives –
and deaths – in that short time. It was still impossible for them to believe the
horrors they had witnessed – the men who had so recently walked beside tem now
among the missing and dead. Their overwhelming confidence had been abruptly
jolted, and they began to wonder and to question. The morale of the troops was
at the lowest level. "

This battalion was one of many small units into which the Rainbow Division was
divided in January, small elements attached to or in support of various commands
over about 90 miles of France, north of Strasbourg. On January 5, my battalion,
the 1st Battalion, 242nd Infantry Regiment, relieved an experienced unit needed
elsewhere, where the enemy was likely to attack. The green, inexperienced troops
would occupy a small town named Hatten since the Germans had nothing more than
small patrols in the area. At least that was the information given at a
briefing, but someone forgot to tell the enemy.

The scene changed rapidly – as one writer has expressed it: "All hell broke
loose in Hatten at 5 a.m. on January 9." This proved to be the focal point of
the attack Hitler had planned on December 28 – the capture of Hatten and the
nearby village of Rittershoffen would enable the Germans to move west and
control all of northern Alsace. This area had been under German control most of
the time since the War of 1870.

I will try to give you a picture of what happened with quotations from some of
our soldiers:

"The misery of the snow, mud, water, cold nights and frozen food will never be
forgotten."

"The snow had been falling all night and had obscured the advance until they
were almost upon us. Shells screamed overhead and burst to the rear of us. The
roar was deafening. Fire was coming from the tanks at very close range. Soon the
snow churned, like sand in a box, by the shells landing all around us."

"The enemy overran our positions, and we were forced to fight in small,
dispersed groups in defense of the town. Our men fought from house to house, in
spite of the fact that they had missed six straight meals, had little or no
sleep, and were constantly afflicted by the severe cold."

"There was not one round of artillery or tank destroyer ammunition fired in our
support during the first 12 hours of fighting."

"Even now a snowy day in January can trigger a flush of remembered sights,
sounds and smells that I will carry with me forever, for on January 9, 1945, I
lost most of my best friends – friendships that can only be forged in the
crucible of war. Yes, I left Hatten wounded and a prisoner – but a part of me
was forever left behind on those snow-covered streets – streets covered with the
bodies of my "amis." I was only 19 years old and did survive the stalag, wounds
and horror. "

A report written by a Sergeant: "The captain arrived at our position in the
afternoon, with orders to hold at all costs. We had little ammunition. While
observing the front line the captain was seriously wounded by a direct artillery
hit, Bill Smith standing next to him in the turret was blown to bits. Then the
ammunition was exhausted so I brought the men from the foxholes into the bunker.
Soon I heard men packing nitro starch into the vents, and the captain agreed
that we should surrender. Relieved of command, I experienced great fear, more so
than at any time during combat."

I might add that several of the men in the group which surrendered have been in
close touch over the years, and all credit the sergeant with having saved their
lives. Seven of us were together at a reunion in 1993, but the sergeant was not
able to travel due to ill health. You may have gathered that I was the captain
mentioned by the sergeant.

Let me return for a moment to our first days in France. My only disciplinary
problem was with a cook who could not get along with the mess sergeant. The
solution came quickly when an order was issued by battalion for a detail of
three men from each company to serve as a battalion command post guard. I told
the first sergeant that the cook, Vito Bertoldo, was No. 1 on that detail. Good
riddance, I thought.

Imagine my surprise in August 1945 when at Camp Atterbury, Indiana, I picked up
a copy of The Chicago Tribune and saw on the front page a picture of President
Truman pinning the Congressional Medal of Honor on the former cook. Here is a
short description of what he accomplished:

"Bertoldo fired a machine gun, his rifle and threw hand grenades at the enemy,
was a one man task force they could not defeat. When enemy elements broke
through the front lines he secured a machine gun, set it up in the doorway of
the command post, stopping one assault. Later he carried his gun into the street
and forced the enemy to withdraw. A short time later the enemy launched a tank
and infantry assault on his position. With the machine guns of the tanks blazing
at him, Bertoldo opened fire on the infantrymen who were attempting to remove
mines from the street and forced them to withdraw. A tank then came within 75
yards of the CP, fired into the building knocking Bertoldo across the room.
Unhurt, he crawled back to his machine gun. The tank commander stood up in the
turret of his tank to survey the damage and was promptly killed by Bertoldo.
When it was decided to evacuate the headquarters, Bertoldo remained behind to
cover the withdrawal.

So much for the fighting. I will close with some general comments. A first
lieutenant serving in the battalion headquarters, who later became a general in
the Army, wrote: "It was the hottest place I have ever been in, and I hope I’ll
never see another like it. We learned a lot from the experience which went a
long way toward making our future operations a success."

A German NCO who was captured praised the soldiers for their gallant stand: "We
were amazed at the way your men fought. We always considered you could defeat us
only if you had a tremendous amount of tanks and armor. We believed that if we
met you on equal terms we would have no difficulty. At Hatten we had the armor
and the artillery and the experienced men. Your men were inexperienced and
lacked tanks and artillery support. Our officers said it was the best infantry
defense they ever saw."

One interesting comment is by a very experienced German officer, Col. Hans Von
Luck, who fought with the German army on every front from Poland in 1939 to the
Russian victory over the Germans in 1945. Von Luck commanded one of the tank
units attacking Hatten and the nearby village of Rittershofen. In a book
describing his World War II experiences he writes: "In those two villages,
Hatten and Rittershofen, there now developed one of the hardest and most costly
battles that ever raged on the Western front."

The 1st Battalion was relieved on January 11, having staged a magnificent
defense, but it had cost them dearly. At the beginning of the battle there were
33 officers and 748 enlisted men. Fifty-two hours later there were 11 officers
and 253 enlisted men, the others having been killed, wounded or missing in
action. It is interesting to note that exactly two-thirds of both officers and
enlisted men were gone.

In addition to the Congressional Medal of Honor for Bertoldo, there were many
individual and unit awards. In my estimation the most important is the
Distinguished Unit Citation awarded to our battalion. The following is a good
summary of what happened when those poorly trained 19- and 20-year-old boys
suddenly became men. The official citation reads: "On the morning of 9 January,
the 1st Battalion was occupying a front of 4,000 yards when it was attacked by
three regiments from the 21st and 25th German Panzer divisions, supported by
heavy armor and artillery. Ordered to hold its position at all costs, the
battalion withstood repeated onslaughts of enemy flame-throwing tanks, self-propelled
guns and infantry. Time after time small detachments of the Battalion remained
steadfast after their position had been overrun by hostile armor, in order to
stop the foot soldiers that followed. Cooks, clerks and mail orderlies fought
side by side, completely disregarding their personal safety. In spite of the
loss of over 500 officers and men, the Battalion tenaciously held its position
in the face of overwhelming odds for more than 52 hours until relieved, exacting
a heavy toll of men and equipment from the enemy. The courage and devotion shown
by the members of the 1st Battalion, 242nd Infantry Regiment, are worthy of
emulation and exemplify the highest tradition of the Army of the United States."

This battle proves a statement in one of my early quotations: "A battle is
fought and won or lost by a team of men." I have told this story because I
recall some of the details, and have learned of many incidents from other
participants. And I repeat, similar battles, with different soldiers, took place
all too often.

A short epilogue – both armies fought until they were exhausted. On January 21
the Americans withdrew from the two villages with practically all units well
under strength. The Germans were in the same condition and pulled back to the
Rhine on January 25. No winner – no loser. The destroyed villages were turned
over to the very few remaining civilians.

If we are to properly commemorate the end of World War II we must dedicate
ourselves to important admonitions in the Bible – "Love thy neighbor as
thyself," and "He shall judge among many people, and rebuke strong nations afar
off; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into
pruning hooks; Nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall
they learn war nay more."

William Corson, June 1995. Company Commander, A Company, 242nd Regiment, 42nd
Division.

*On May 24, 1995, Glenn Schmidt wrote: "My wife and I recently returned from a
reunion of former prisoners of war who were sent to Stalags IX A, IX B and
Berga. This was their eighth reunion, although the first we were able to attend.
It was there I met Morton Brooks, a C Company, 242nd Infantry man. Morton was
one of 350 men selected one Sunday night by the guards at Stalag IX B to be sent
to Berga am Elster, a subcamp of Buchenwald. All Jewish men and those of Hebrew
faith who could be identified were so starved, beaten and mistreated that only
86 of the total survived that I am aware of. Their story is well documented in
Mitchell G. Bard’s book "Forgotten Victims."