He219
06-27-2004, 10:18 PM
Tibet's 10th Panchen Lama is seen undergoing a Cultural Revolution struggle session in Tibet's capital Lhasa, in this 1964 photo. The Panchen Lama, the highest ranking Buddhist leader living in China, spent 14 years under house arrest because of a 70,000 character secret report (http://www.tibetinfo.net/pl-opening.htm) he wrote on the situation in Tibet.
December 5, 1950, caption: These are the first photos of the Chinese Communist invasion of Tibet. In the photo, according to the caption supplied by Eastfoto, the invading forces are shown building a bridge across one of Tibet's swift rivers while an Army vehicle and troops are transported across the stream on rubber rafts.
Tibetan dancers entertain Chinese Red Army troops in Lhasa in 1952, within view of the Dalai Lama's Potala Palace. The Tibet Autonomous Region is one of the most heavily militarized places on Earth with an estimated ratio of one soldier to every ten civilians.
4/18/1954- Pinyin Lhasa, Tibet- A real welcome awaited Heinrich Harrer (http://www.harrerportfolio.com/HarrerBio.html), here with commander-in-chief of Tibetan army, after he finally reached Lhasa. He became tutor to the Dalai Lama. Until he reached the forbidden city, however, officials feared reprisal if they permitted explorer to travel toward this goal.
Communist Red Army troops fire heavy artillery guns in Lhasa Valley, Tibet, on March 17, 1959, crushing a Tibetan people's uprising against the Chinese occupation. Seen through the smoke and dust is the Potala Palace, residence of Tibet's spiritual and temporal leader, on the left, and the Tibetan Medical College Chakpori, on the hill at right. The military campaign against the revolting Tibetans forced the Dalai Lama to flee into safety in India
Pursued by Red Chinese troops struggling against the harsh elements of the Himalayas, the Dalai Lama is shown on the fourth day of his flight to freedom. The 23-year-old ruler, wearing spectacles, is aboard the white horse. At this point, the escape party is crossing the Zsagola pass in Southern Tibet on March 21, after fleeing Lhasa.
High in the Himalayas, the Dalai Lama, god king of Tibet, rests with warriors who protected him on his incredible flight from the Red Chinese. The Dalia Lama, seated sixth from left, fled the sacred capital Lhasa on the night of March 17, 1959, when the Chinese opened fire. First his personal guards protected him, but they were soon joined by his squad of loyal Khamba tribesmen. Some carried sub-machine guns and others flintlocks with bayonets. Despite pursuit and road blocks, the Dalai Lama reached the free zone of India on March 31.
The above photo, showing Tibetan rebels filing out of the Potala Palace here (background) to surrender, was released from a Chinese Communist source with the following caption: In mid-March, the former Tibet local government and the upper strata reactionary clique carried out a rebellion in Lhasa. On March 20th, units of the People's Liberation Army stationed in Lhasa were ordered to take a punitive action against the clique of traitors. After two days of fighting, The People's Liberation Army completely crushed the rebellion in the city of Lhasa. On May 9th, Tibetan refugees in India reported that Chinese Communist troops ringing the Tibetan border have machine-gunned to death large numbers of anti-communist Tibetans trying to flee to safety in India. Refugee statements to the Indian reception authorities in the rugged Northeast frontier agency
Tibetan Buddhist monks surrender to PLA troops after an armed insurrection. Lhasa, April 7, 1959.
The Dalai Lama, spiritual and temporal head of Tibet, arrives at Tezpur, Assam in India on April 18, 1959. The Dalai Lama, forced into exile after China's suppression of the Tibetan national uprising, made a 300-mile trek over the Eastern Himalayas from Lhasa. He is with attendants who are not identified.
LHASA, CHINA: (FILES) In this picture taken 11 April 1959, A Chinese military officer (C) addresses in Tibetans, in front of the Potala Palace (former home of the Dalai Lama) in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet after an unsuccessful armed uprising against Chinese rule. Tibetans rose up against Chinese rule on 10 March 1959 (http://www.friendsoftibet.org/main/march10.html), in a bloody uprising that led to the exile of the Dalai Lama, who at age 68 has supporters worldwide but little hope of returning to his homeland anytime soon.
April 8, 1959: Tibetian youth gather in the street to discuss an edict issused by the Communist Chinese Governmant in Peiping. According to Communist Chinese sources, the youths vowed to uphold the edict, which installed the Peiping-sponsored Panchen Lama as ruler of the country. This is the one of the first photos of of Lhasa since the uprising which forced the Nation's God-king, the Dalai Lama, to flee to India.
During the Cultural Revolution the Red Guards (encouraged to destroy anything representing old culture) vandalized this wall inside one of the buildings at Drepung Monastery and painted a picture of Mao, with a caption said to read "Long Live Chairman Mao".
Young Tibetian protestors are seized by policemen during a demonstration on the steps of Budala square in Lhasa, Tibet Aug. 29, 1995.
Three Tibetan security guards watch over the huge plaza in front of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2002. The Potala Palace was once the seat of the Tibetan government, and the residence of the Dalai Lama before he left for exile, following a failed uprising against China in 1959
Two young Tibetan boys play on a 1950's era Chinese jet fighter in front of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2002. March 10 marks the anniversary of a Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule, which led to the crackdown which forced the Dalai Lama and many of his followers to flee to exile in Tibet.
Chinese military police officers look on as Tibetan performers wait to take the stage during the opening ceremony of the Yoghurt Festival in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, Thursday, Aug. 8, 2002. The festival was part of a tour given by Chinese government officials for foreign reporters intended to improve the image of China's handling of Tibetan issues.
Original caption: A Chinese military policeman looks back while others watch a local festival in Lhasa August 8, 2002. Tibetans will become a minority in their own capital in the next few years as ethnic Chinese migrants pour into the city to take part in a new drive to develop Tibet's economy, a top government official said on Wednesday. China's Communist government has ruled Tibet since its troops entered the region in 1950. Tibet's spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, has lived in exile in India since fleeing his homeland in 1959 after an uprising against Chinese rule.
A Tibetan man display portraits of Chinese leaders beside Chinese People's Liberation Army soldiers during the opening ceremony of the Qiangtang Qiaqing Horse racing festival in Nakchu town, 4,500 meters above sea level, August 10, 2002. Thousands of Tibetan nomads from all over Nakchu prefecture gathered to witness the opening of a week-long festival highlighted with a Chinese show of force as well as a colorful display of Tibet's rich cultural heritage. China's Communist government has ruled Tibet since its troops entered the region in 1950. The Chinese leaders in the picture are (clockwise from top) Mao Zedong, Jiang Zemin and Deng Xiaoping.
The annual ceremony, known as Zhanfo, which means Buddha worship, is held at the Gandan Temple in Dapchi, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Tuesday, Aug. 12, 2003. Over 10,000 disciples prayed to a Buddha portrait printed on a huge piece of cloth, together with tourists from foreign countries and other parts of China attending this year's Zhanfo ceremony, one of the grandest Buddhist activities in Tibet.
Tibet (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet)
Little is known of Tibet before the 7th century when Buddhism was introduced by missionaries from India. Tibet was a strong kingdom between the 8th and 10th centuries. Lamaism began to develop when the Tibetan kingdom weakened in the 10th century. In the 13th century Tibet was conquered by Genghis Khan, who ruled Tibet through a local puppet government.
Eventually the most important of the Grand Lamas came to be the Dalai Lama. By the early 18th century China established the right to have resident commissioners in Lhasa. When the Tibetans rebelled against the Chinese in 1750, a Chinese army entered the country and tried to restore Chinese authority. Even though China claimed to have regained control on Tibet, the Tibetan government around the Dalai Lama remained sovereign.
The Tibetans lived under a feudal system run by the lamas, with the great monasteries owning most of the land. As late as 1953, of the country's population of 1.25 million, more than 700,000 were serfs. In 1904 the British sent an Indian military force and seized Lhasa, forcing Tibet to open its border with British India. A 1906 treaty with China repeated these conditions, making Tibet a de facto British protectorate.
After 1907, a treaty between Britain, China, and Russia recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet. The Chinese established direct rule for the first time in 1910. But when the 1911 Xinhai Revolution ended the Qing Dynasty the Chinese troops withdrew to fight the upcoming Chinese Revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and the Dalai Lama was able to re-establish his power. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia signed a treaty proclaiming their independence from China, and their mutual recognition. The independence claim was a term used by revolutionaries the Qing dynasty. The subsequent outbreak of world wars and civil war in China caused both the powers and China to lose interest in Tibet, and the 13th Dalai Lama ruled undisturbed.
China never renounced its claim to sovereignty over Tibet. In 1950 the People's Liberation Army entered Tibet against little resistance. In 1951 a treaty signed under military pressure by representatives of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama provided for rule by a joint Chinese-Tibetan authority. During the 1950s Chinese rule grew more oppressive, and in 1959, local warlords led an armed Tibetan rebellion. The rebellion was soon crushed, and the Dalai Lama had to flee to India. The Panchen Lama was set up as a figurehead in Lhasa. In 1965 the south-western part of Tibet was designated as an Autonomous Region. The monastic estates were broken up and secular education introduced. During the Cultural Revolution there was a campaign of organized vandalism against Tibet's Buddhist heritage as the Red Guards did with the Chinese cultural heritage all over China.
Since 1979 Chinese policy in Tibet has veered between moderation and repression. Most religious freedoms have been officially restored, but the imprisonment of monks and nuns is still a daily routine in Tibet.
Chinese Communist leader Mao Tse-tung, seen in uniform in the center, is flanked by the two religious leaders of Tibet, who came to Peiping for the National Congress meeting, on September 11, 1954. The Panchen Lama, considered to be the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, is seen on Mao's right; the Dalai Lama, the temporal leader considered more powerful, but reportedly less pro-communist, is on Mao's left.
At the first National People's Congress in Beijing, China, on October 13, 1954, the Tibetan spiritual leader, the 14th Dalai Lama, left, shakes hands (http://www.friendsoftibet.org/main/march10.html) with Mao Tse-Tung; shortly after Mao's selection as chairman of the People's Republic of China. The Dalai Lama was quoted by Beijing radio as thanking the Communist leaders of China for reconstruction work in Tibet, which was invaded and occupied by Communist Chinese troops in 1950
A new highway leading to the outskirts of Lhasa by the "People's Republic" with Red Chinese help, according to an official Communist source. Tibetans have lived under Communist rule ever since 1951, when Chinese Army units first moved into the Himalayan Kingdom between China and India.
October 27, 1967 Border Patrol. Ladakh, India: A high altitude border patrol of Indian Army scout along the Ladakh region which is located close to the Chinese ruled Tibet.
PALDEN GYATSO was born in 1931 and became a monk at 10 years old. In 1959 when the Chinese military invasion of Tibet climaxed, he was arrested and imprisoned for 7 years. In 1962 he managed to escape but was caught and had his term raised to 15 years. In 1975 he was released but not allowed to return home, instead being sent to a labour camp, where he escaped in 1979.
He then put up posters calling for Tibetan independence for which he was rearrested in 1983 and taken to Old Sangyip prison in Lhasa. He was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment in 1984 without any legal representation or opportunity for defence. In 1990 he was transferred to Drapchi prison from where he was released on 25 August 1992. He escaped to India 13 days later smuggling with him implements of his torture. He has travelled widely in Europe and the USA and in 1995 he gave evidence at the UN Commission on
Human Rights in Geneva.
THE TRAGEDY OF TIBET (http://hhdl.dharmakara.net/hhdl-tibet.html)
Until 1950 Tibet was a sovereign state. The Tibetans knew themselves to be a distinct people with their own language, culture, religion, history and customs. In 1950 Tibet was invaded by the army of The People's Republic of China. It is occupied by the Communist Chinese to the present day.
Counterpoint: Tibet: Myth and Reality (http://www.members.tripod.com/~journeyeast/tibet.html) - the other side
Gary Connery base jumps from the top of Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square, central London, Friday May 9, 2003. Activists climbed the 170 foot tall column early Friday in a stunt organised by the Act for Tibet organisation, hanging up a banner of the Dalai Lama to highlight the plight of Tibetans in exile after occupation by the China's Peoples Liberation Army in 1950.
December 5, 1950, caption: These are the first photos of the Chinese Communist invasion of Tibet. In the photo, according to the caption supplied by Eastfoto, the invading forces are shown building a bridge across one of Tibet's swift rivers while an Army vehicle and troops are transported across the stream on rubber rafts.
Tibetan dancers entertain Chinese Red Army troops in Lhasa in 1952, within view of the Dalai Lama's Potala Palace. The Tibet Autonomous Region is one of the most heavily militarized places on Earth with an estimated ratio of one soldier to every ten civilians.
4/18/1954- Pinyin Lhasa, Tibet- A real welcome awaited Heinrich Harrer (http://www.harrerportfolio.com/HarrerBio.html), here with commander-in-chief of Tibetan army, after he finally reached Lhasa. He became tutor to the Dalai Lama. Until he reached the forbidden city, however, officials feared reprisal if they permitted explorer to travel toward this goal.
Communist Red Army troops fire heavy artillery guns in Lhasa Valley, Tibet, on March 17, 1959, crushing a Tibetan people's uprising against the Chinese occupation. Seen through the smoke and dust is the Potala Palace, residence of Tibet's spiritual and temporal leader, on the left, and the Tibetan Medical College Chakpori, on the hill at right. The military campaign against the revolting Tibetans forced the Dalai Lama to flee into safety in India
Pursued by Red Chinese troops struggling against the harsh elements of the Himalayas, the Dalai Lama is shown on the fourth day of his flight to freedom. The 23-year-old ruler, wearing spectacles, is aboard the white horse. At this point, the escape party is crossing the Zsagola pass in Southern Tibet on March 21, after fleeing Lhasa.
High in the Himalayas, the Dalai Lama, god king of Tibet, rests with warriors who protected him on his incredible flight from the Red Chinese. The Dalia Lama, seated sixth from left, fled the sacred capital Lhasa on the night of March 17, 1959, when the Chinese opened fire. First his personal guards protected him, but they were soon joined by his squad of loyal Khamba tribesmen. Some carried sub-machine guns and others flintlocks with bayonets. Despite pursuit and road blocks, the Dalai Lama reached the free zone of India on March 31.
The above photo, showing Tibetan rebels filing out of the Potala Palace here (background) to surrender, was released from a Chinese Communist source with the following caption: In mid-March, the former Tibet local government and the upper strata reactionary clique carried out a rebellion in Lhasa. On March 20th, units of the People's Liberation Army stationed in Lhasa were ordered to take a punitive action against the clique of traitors. After two days of fighting, The People's Liberation Army completely crushed the rebellion in the city of Lhasa. On May 9th, Tibetan refugees in India reported that Chinese Communist troops ringing the Tibetan border have machine-gunned to death large numbers of anti-communist Tibetans trying to flee to safety in India. Refugee statements to the Indian reception authorities in the rugged Northeast frontier agency
Tibetan Buddhist monks surrender to PLA troops after an armed insurrection. Lhasa, April 7, 1959.
The Dalai Lama, spiritual and temporal head of Tibet, arrives at Tezpur, Assam in India on April 18, 1959. The Dalai Lama, forced into exile after China's suppression of the Tibetan national uprising, made a 300-mile trek over the Eastern Himalayas from Lhasa. He is with attendants who are not identified.
LHASA, CHINA: (FILES) In this picture taken 11 April 1959, A Chinese military officer (C) addresses in Tibetans, in front of the Potala Palace (former home of the Dalai Lama) in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet after an unsuccessful armed uprising against Chinese rule. Tibetans rose up against Chinese rule on 10 March 1959 (http://www.friendsoftibet.org/main/march10.html), in a bloody uprising that led to the exile of the Dalai Lama, who at age 68 has supporters worldwide but little hope of returning to his homeland anytime soon.
April 8, 1959: Tibetian youth gather in the street to discuss an edict issused by the Communist Chinese Governmant in Peiping. According to Communist Chinese sources, the youths vowed to uphold the edict, which installed the Peiping-sponsored Panchen Lama as ruler of the country. This is the one of the first photos of of Lhasa since the uprising which forced the Nation's God-king, the Dalai Lama, to flee to India.
During the Cultural Revolution the Red Guards (encouraged to destroy anything representing old culture) vandalized this wall inside one of the buildings at Drepung Monastery and painted a picture of Mao, with a caption said to read "Long Live Chairman Mao".
Young Tibetian protestors are seized by policemen during a demonstration on the steps of Budala square in Lhasa, Tibet Aug. 29, 1995.
Three Tibetan security guards watch over the huge plaza in front of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2002. The Potala Palace was once the seat of the Tibetan government, and the residence of the Dalai Lama before he left for exile, following a failed uprising against China in 1959
Two young Tibetan boys play on a 1950's era Chinese jet fighter in front of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2002. March 10 marks the anniversary of a Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule, which led to the crackdown which forced the Dalai Lama and many of his followers to flee to exile in Tibet.
Chinese military police officers look on as Tibetan performers wait to take the stage during the opening ceremony of the Yoghurt Festival in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, Thursday, Aug. 8, 2002. The festival was part of a tour given by Chinese government officials for foreign reporters intended to improve the image of China's handling of Tibetan issues.
Original caption: A Chinese military policeman looks back while others watch a local festival in Lhasa August 8, 2002. Tibetans will become a minority in their own capital in the next few years as ethnic Chinese migrants pour into the city to take part in a new drive to develop Tibet's economy, a top government official said on Wednesday. China's Communist government has ruled Tibet since its troops entered the region in 1950. Tibet's spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, has lived in exile in India since fleeing his homeland in 1959 after an uprising against Chinese rule.
A Tibetan man display portraits of Chinese leaders beside Chinese People's Liberation Army soldiers during the opening ceremony of the Qiangtang Qiaqing Horse racing festival in Nakchu town, 4,500 meters above sea level, August 10, 2002. Thousands of Tibetan nomads from all over Nakchu prefecture gathered to witness the opening of a week-long festival highlighted with a Chinese show of force as well as a colorful display of Tibet's rich cultural heritage. China's Communist government has ruled Tibet since its troops entered the region in 1950. The Chinese leaders in the picture are (clockwise from top) Mao Zedong, Jiang Zemin and Deng Xiaoping.
The annual ceremony, known as Zhanfo, which means Buddha worship, is held at the Gandan Temple in Dapchi, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Tuesday, Aug. 12, 2003. Over 10,000 disciples prayed to a Buddha portrait printed on a huge piece of cloth, together with tourists from foreign countries and other parts of China attending this year's Zhanfo ceremony, one of the grandest Buddhist activities in Tibet.
Tibet (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet)
Little is known of Tibet before the 7th century when Buddhism was introduced by missionaries from India. Tibet was a strong kingdom between the 8th and 10th centuries. Lamaism began to develop when the Tibetan kingdom weakened in the 10th century. In the 13th century Tibet was conquered by Genghis Khan, who ruled Tibet through a local puppet government.
Eventually the most important of the Grand Lamas came to be the Dalai Lama. By the early 18th century China established the right to have resident commissioners in Lhasa. When the Tibetans rebelled against the Chinese in 1750, a Chinese army entered the country and tried to restore Chinese authority. Even though China claimed to have regained control on Tibet, the Tibetan government around the Dalai Lama remained sovereign.
The Tibetans lived under a feudal system run by the lamas, with the great monasteries owning most of the land. As late as 1953, of the country's population of 1.25 million, more than 700,000 were serfs. In 1904 the British sent an Indian military force and seized Lhasa, forcing Tibet to open its border with British India. A 1906 treaty with China repeated these conditions, making Tibet a de facto British protectorate.
After 1907, a treaty between Britain, China, and Russia recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet. The Chinese established direct rule for the first time in 1910. But when the 1911 Xinhai Revolution ended the Qing Dynasty the Chinese troops withdrew to fight the upcoming Chinese Revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and the Dalai Lama was able to re-establish his power. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia signed a treaty proclaiming their independence from China, and their mutual recognition. The independence claim was a term used by revolutionaries the Qing dynasty. The subsequent outbreak of world wars and civil war in China caused both the powers and China to lose interest in Tibet, and the 13th Dalai Lama ruled undisturbed.
China never renounced its claim to sovereignty over Tibet. In 1950 the People's Liberation Army entered Tibet against little resistance. In 1951 a treaty signed under military pressure by representatives of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama provided for rule by a joint Chinese-Tibetan authority. During the 1950s Chinese rule grew more oppressive, and in 1959, local warlords led an armed Tibetan rebellion. The rebellion was soon crushed, and the Dalai Lama had to flee to India. The Panchen Lama was set up as a figurehead in Lhasa. In 1965 the south-western part of Tibet was designated as an Autonomous Region. The monastic estates were broken up and secular education introduced. During the Cultural Revolution there was a campaign of organized vandalism against Tibet's Buddhist heritage as the Red Guards did with the Chinese cultural heritage all over China.
Since 1979 Chinese policy in Tibet has veered between moderation and repression. Most religious freedoms have been officially restored, but the imprisonment of monks and nuns is still a daily routine in Tibet.
Chinese Communist leader Mao Tse-tung, seen in uniform in the center, is flanked by the two religious leaders of Tibet, who came to Peiping for the National Congress meeting, on September 11, 1954. The Panchen Lama, considered to be the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, is seen on Mao's right; the Dalai Lama, the temporal leader considered more powerful, but reportedly less pro-communist, is on Mao's left.
At the first National People's Congress in Beijing, China, on October 13, 1954, the Tibetan spiritual leader, the 14th Dalai Lama, left, shakes hands (http://www.friendsoftibet.org/main/march10.html) with Mao Tse-Tung; shortly after Mao's selection as chairman of the People's Republic of China. The Dalai Lama was quoted by Beijing radio as thanking the Communist leaders of China for reconstruction work in Tibet, which was invaded and occupied by Communist Chinese troops in 1950
A new highway leading to the outskirts of Lhasa by the "People's Republic" with Red Chinese help, according to an official Communist source. Tibetans have lived under Communist rule ever since 1951, when Chinese Army units first moved into the Himalayan Kingdom between China and India.
October 27, 1967 Border Patrol. Ladakh, India: A high altitude border patrol of Indian Army scout along the Ladakh region which is located close to the Chinese ruled Tibet.
PALDEN GYATSO was born in 1931 and became a monk at 10 years old. In 1959 when the Chinese military invasion of Tibet climaxed, he was arrested and imprisoned for 7 years. In 1962 he managed to escape but was caught and had his term raised to 15 years. In 1975 he was released but not allowed to return home, instead being sent to a labour camp, where he escaped in 1979.
He then put up posters calling for Tibetan independence for which he was rearrested in 1983 and taken to Old Sangyip prison in Lhasa. He was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment in 1984 without any legal representation or opportunity for defence. In 1990 he was transferred to Drapchi prison from where he was released on 25 August 1992. He escaped to India 13 days later smuggling with him implements of his torture. He has travelled widely in Europe and the USA and in 1995 he gave evidence at the UN Commission on
Human Rights in Geneva.
THE TRAGEDY OF TIBET (http://hhdl.dharmakara.net/hhdl-tibet.html)
Until 1950 Tibet was a sovereign state. The Tibetans knew themselves to be a distinct people with their own language, culture, religion, history and customs. In 1950 Tibet was invaded by the army of The People's Republic of China. It is occupied by the Communist Chinese to the present day.
Counterpoint: Tibet: Myth and Reality (http://www.members.tripod.com/~journeyeast/tibet.html) - the other side
Gary Connery base jumps from the top of Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square, central London, Friday May 9, 2003. Activists climbed the 170 foot tall column early Friday in a stunt organised by the Act for Tibet organisation, hanging up a banner of the Dalai Lama to highlight the plight of Tibetans in exile after occupation by the China's Peoples Liberation Army in 1950.