lightfire
02-02-2010, 05:36 PM
I've come across one article in Lithuanian monthly military journal, thought it could be interesting for some of you to read, since I bet many hardly know of what happened here back then and how.
http://img535.imageshack.us/img535/6674/seimas.jpg
It has been 19 years since those events, which showed many of our beliefs, will and determination. Hundreds of articles and several books have been written. However, there haven't been more serious study of the 1991 January - August events. For
various reasons, some people, would like to submerge this matter quietly into oblivion, some tend to believe that the only
Chechen-Russian or Georgian-Russian war or other experience is worth attention, and others look at these events
only through the emotional prism.
It would be logical that the specialized training or Exercise should be held at least in military schools or the state of civil resistance
Training Center at MoD. Unfortunately, it appears that only cadets of Gen. Jonas Zemaitis Lithuanian Military Academy recently
began to teach the historical, political and some of the military events of the 13th aspects. And That's all?!
Therefore, this article would be one of tests at a glance and a systematic review of the independent Lithuanian Defenders fight in practice. Without an attempt to retell all those days of events in chronological order and in detail, however,I will try to provide as much detail (collecting them based on various sources and personal memories), which might be of interest to soldiers.
Major focus will be shown on the Supreme Council (hereinafter - AT or parliament, the Seimas) Defense principles for January-February and engineering operations security.
The overall situation
l
After 11th March 1990, when Lithuania regained its independence, the Soviet government began to pursue economic and political pressure. Domestically and in relations with Moscow all was filled with the tension that in 8th of January 1991 led the "Fifth column" organizations, Jedinstvo to action, which tried to occupy the AT palace.
On the 11th of January Soviet troops began to occupy public facilities in Lithuania, and January 13th was the night, when soviet troops stormed the Vilnius TV tower, Lithuanian television and radio center, while tanks and armoured vehicles moved towards the parliament. Occupation Armed Forces ordered the defenders to abandon AT palace. Meanwhile, world public attention was focused on the events at the Persian Gulf, were war was soon to begin.
The Enemy
107th motorised infantry Division, stationed in the town of North (this is the current Zirmunu district of Vilnius, the place where
the shopping malls Senukai, Ogmios etc are located today) approximately 5-10 minutes road distance to the AT.
In addition to the usual small arms, motoinfantry at its arsenal had armoured vehicles BTR-60PB and BTR -70, self-propelled antiaircraft ZSU cannons -23-4 "Silka" and T-72 tanks.
Pskov 76 th airborne division's 234-th regiment soldiers (not less than 50), armed with airborne AFVs BMD -2 and -1.
There is evidence that the division's paratroopers, Vitebsk Guard 103 rd airborne division, 400 soldiers from the Kaliningrad region, as well as the unknown number of other military units has been redeployed to Lithuania January 8-11.
Estimated number can be imagined, since more than 30 transport aircraft IL -76 (each can accommodate up to 145paratroopers) landed at the Siauliai airport on January 8th.
KGB special group "A" (more widely known as the "Alpha"), 67 soldiers, although there is evidence that their could have been about 150, was flown to Vilnius in two planes on 11th of January, late in the evening.
Lithuanian Department of KGB agents, were reviewing the situation in Vilnius and other places of Lithuania. OMON detachment of police officers, at first sworn to Lithuanian Republic, and later forsweared the oath an passed on to half of the occupants.
About 400 "redstraps "-" National Salvation Committee and the organization "Jedinstvo" were formed into teams.
Our forces
About 20 thousand unarmed civilian people around the AT House, including several hundred outer perimeter defenders
(a total of 15 teams). About 2000 AT defenders inside buildings, including the first Lithuanian military officers in the training courses and instructors Rangers, the National Security Department (hereinafter - KAD), Border troops and other teams.
Armament: 1 AK-47 automatic rifle, hunting, sports and small-caliber rifles and homemade firearms, various weapons from the First and Second world wars from different countries, one Degtyarev machine gun, grenades, as well as metal rods and wooden sticks, Knives, fire water system of the palace, bottles with gasoline.
Then the militia unit, established on the fourth
floor of AT House also had weapons:
- The only machine gun (probably - RPK -74), several AKs and a few sniper rifles ( SVD). About 120 AT backroom staff, armed
about 20 pistols, four AKs, 16 hunting rifles and shotguns.
Total armed firearms could be approximately 200-300 people.
Shortly after 13th January Chemical Technology Institute has produced tear gas analogue and deodorant factory began the the gas dispensers production line.
The Plan
With the help of public defenders record the fact of military aggression against Lithuania in the worlds eyes. After the Soviets took over public facilities, the country's political representation and organization wide-ranging opposition to the occupiers should have been ensured.
The task
During the first few days of events in only a minority of activists had a clearer mission - to the extent defend the AT palace, in order to record the same resistance fact, the efforts of the armed defenders AT Assault the mix of people in the crowd and
and attack the storming Soviet forces from the back.
For this purpose, armed men were positioned along the bridge in another Zverynas Side of the Neris and the National M. Mažvydas Library roof. Defenders, at least the greater part of them understood their mission as resistance in any case, for the
1940 mistake should never be repeated again.
Actions
Equipment
Weapons and ordnance, repair, explosives production workshops and the shooting range. were installed at the basement of AT building. Weapons and explosives - brought by the population drift, acquired from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Bank of Lithuania, collectors, Fishing and Hunting shops etc.
Gasoline - donated by the people. Food - donated by people and catering facilities. Some provided by Vilnius City Council deputies.
Construction materials - donated by Construction companies (mainly after 13 January),taken from AT hotel
work site, from the Vilnius city council of deputies.
Builders helmets and gas masks - received Vilnius City Council of Deputies efforts.
Medical aid and equipment - acquired from medical facilities, first aid and medical command post established at the National M.
Mažvydas library, set up by the Red Cross and was responsible for the evacuation of people the accessibility of Parliament, medicines and bandages for Medical private initiative, and then - and assistance from abroad.
Communication and Management
Radio stations - received from Darius and Gireno flight club, portable radio station have been taken from former DOSAF (they were designed for telecommunications network between field posts), P-105 and R-107 military radio stations, obtained from yet unknown persons, and used radio Intelligence (Soviet link to listen).
For Communication with the outside world a satellite channel was created directly from AT and from Klaipeda, as well as with the help of "short wawers" used to connect with foreign (from AT to Kaunas, Siauliai and then - abroad) and replacement of coupling channels.
After the take-over of the Lithuanian radio and television building, the radio production and broadcasting was transferred to the library of the blind and visually impaired - they had all the necessary equipment.
Flares were to be used as a signal for the defenders to retreat and show the direction.
Parliament's defence principles
There were three principles: 1) information management, 2) military defence techniques, 3) civil resistance organization.
Information management was very good and reasonable level and targeted operations, both active and public opinion. Parliament's defense headquarters engaged in SIGINT and HUMINT activities (there was an informant Even the "Ttown of North" - soviet military base, who noticed about tanks moving off on the 11tg January), OSINT (open source intelligence), tactical reconnaissance (observation posts on the Soviet military objects) and processed by the population provided information.
Tthe public and global community was constantly informed about what takes place in Lithuania. Thanks to the intelligence
additional or partial redeployment of Soviet troops in Lithuania, the movement of military convoys in urban areas, facilities, occupation, the political situation in the region and the world was know.
From most military methods engineering operations security could be distinguished. Small arms and other light
weapons on the quantity and quality were not as important. While engineering obstacles had to stop their heavy combat equipment away from the AT palace and prevent the TV tower scenario.
Passive and active barriers had to slow down the speed of attacking infantry and armour and create space for activists to
manoeuvre and kill as many of the attackers as possible.
Military engineering defense structures consisted of three circles:
- Inside the House,
- House of the outer perimeter,
- House of the remote access.
http://img535.imageshack.us/img535/8499/barikada.jpg
http://img697.imageshack.us/img697/9206/barikada2.jpg
http://img188.imageshack.us/img188/6700/barikada3.jpg
http://img526.imageshack.us/img526/3403/barikada4.jpg
http://img121.imageshack.us/img121/493/barikada5.jpg
Engineering fortifications were installed in three stages. First, in January 11-12, the House was covered within barbed wire --especially part of the transitions and ventilation openings, sand bags and steel nets for the main AT House first floor.
Stairs to the second floor have been mined,additional furniture barricades have been installed inside the palace. In fact, it should be noted that not all of the defenders were all serious about. For example, north-eastern RT housing (the current II to the Seimas Palace, but at the time - Trade Union Council Chambers) some older men were sceptical - that 'force' will pass through in 5 minutes. So why should we take pains in the construction some kind of barrier? "
However,a unit from Vilnius Pedagogical Institute (now - university) was determined and thus have initiated the construction of the barricades from furniture, preparing the bottles of petrol for the upcoming assault.
The outer perimeter of the sand spreaders were blocked by the northern entrance to the AT courtyard, the entrance to AT yard on the south side cut off valve networks. Driving bridge approaches Zverynas was blocked "Kraz" truck and two "Belorus"
tractors Gostauto street at the bridge Zverynas blocked heavy equipment.
The second phase dates from the 1991 January 13 th night, when it the information about the events
at the TV tower was reached - civilians being killed by the tanks and bullets.
People have started to gather around the AT palace began to construct additional barricades, fill the sandbags.In the morning after the bloody events at the TV tower the glass building of AT palace was covered with steel firewall and other obstacles.
Driving at the entry points of access to Square to the parliament was made from the barricades fittings and other building materials. Eastern, Western and Souther approaches were encircled by the line buses.
The third phase began later after the January 13th. From the natural construction of barricades
Planned transition to defense system was development,
The first weeks after the January 13th night, instead of "light" barricades with sandbags, stone and concrete barricades have been errected.
1. Inside the palace, at some of the entrances explosive traps have been made: cellars and rooms accrued high gasoline stocks, with additional sand bags on the firewall.
One of the corridors had a special trap - to the ceiling raised to the fixed network large by fishing hooks, which had to fall on
attacking soldiers.
2nd Outer perimeter of Parliament House was blocked with reinforced concrete slabs and concrete-sand walls. The the excavation pit was dug at the dining in the courtyard. To protect the parliament roof from the possible airborne drop-off, bars and barbed wire barriers have been built along with prepared anti tank grenades. It was prepared to overflow the roof with water and then release the electricity.
l
3rd At all points of entry into the territory of AT, reinforced concrete barricades, anti tank spades and exhavations have been constructed.
In order to protect the AT, some interesting and effective weapons have been used. Firstly - misinformation! Rumours were spread about the fact that there is a mine field between theT palace and 1st (while in fact these were the training mines - duds), post with "Mines" written on them in Russian were to strengthen the effect.
Rumours spread that the defenders of the AT palace have received a large quantities of infantry weapons, most notably heavy machine guns.
Another rumour was that there was alaser on the top of the AT palce to shoot down the soviet helicopters. While in fact after January events Lithuanian physicists did construct a laser on the building. But it could do no more, than beam the green laser to the sky in a vain hope to blind the helicopter pilot.
Yet another rumour was that some of the defenders are willing to commit mass suicide. Some claim until today, that in nearby Kyviskes aerodrome several small training planes operated by the flying club members were to take off fast and secrectly for kamikaze style attacks against advancing soviet tanks.
Civil resistance
Civic resistance seed matured over the the occupation period, and sprouted "Sajudis" movement organized rallies, soil manured the economic blockade a time when no one complained of deprivation, but demonstrated patience and ingenuity, in order to resist the Soviet pressure.
The final examination, and verifying that 11th of March 1990 was no mistake came namely in the 1991 January-August months.
To the civil disobedience and resistance AT Command gave the first calls.
However, Soviet physical and psychological aggression focused most people . When a TV Tower attack killed 14 civilians, more than 1000 were injured, but people still did not move of protected objects, the Soviet Army leadership did not dare to attack the AT (although the tanks and armoured vehicles were moved towards the vicinity)
Already in those fateful days in Lithuania a joke between defenders was spreading: Soviet could not create communism in Lithuania for over 50 years, and we have done that in but a few days.
And indeed all was embracing infinite focus, tolerance and love euphoria - many citizens from Vilnius were carrying food to the square, restaurants and private installed outdoor caffes free canteens, farmers from Lithuanian province transported fat and even fresh meat; locals gave shelter and war clothes to the people who came from all around the country.
The fact that the television tower has brought people together, who were not scared of tanks and their shots, soldiers, explosions and fire deaths and blood - shocked the Soviets. Already knowing what happened at TV tower thousands more people have gathered around the AT palace. People were simply glued together.
Conclusions
The suspension of Soviet military aggression was led by many factors and it is still the subject matter. But now it is clear that a massive civil resistance, based on military defense techniques was very significant. AT House defense was used for all the complex steps: fully equipped engineering barrier system precision technology, improvisation and misinformation,
first troops and volunteers have joined the ranks.
Available data suggest that even after(if) the soviet soldiers have occupied the parliament, the fight against the Soviets were to continue already using the underground, partisan, destructive and anti-tamper techniques.
http://img535.imageshack.us/img535/6674/seimas.jpg
It has been 19 years since those events, which showed many of our beliefs, will and determination. Hundreds of articles and several books have been written. However, there haven't been more serious study of the 1991 January - August events. For
various reasons, some people, would like to submerge this matter quietly into oblivion, some tend to believe that the only
Chechen-Russian or Georgian-Russian war or other experience is worth attention, and others look at these events
only through the emotional prism.
It would be logical that the specialized training or Exercise should be held at least in military schools or the state of civil resistance
Training Center at MoD. Unfortunately, it appears that only cadets of Gen. Jonas Zemaitis Lithuanian Military Academy recently
began to teach the historical, political and some of the military events of the 13th aspects. And That's all?!
Therefore, this article would be one of tests at a glance and a systematic review of the independent Lithuanian Defenders fight in practice. Without an attempt to retell all those days of events in chronological order and in detail, however,I will try to provide as much detail (collecting them based on various sources and personal memories), which might be of interest to soldiers.
Major focus will be shown on the Supreme Council (hereinafter - AT or parliament, the Seimas) Defense principles for January-February and engineering operations security.
The overall situation
l
After 11th March 1990, when Lithuania regained its independence, the Soviet government began to pursue economic and political pressure. Domestically and in relations with Moscow all was filled with the tension that in 8th of January 1991 led the "Fifth column" organizations, Jedinstvo to action, which tried to occupy the AT palace.
On the 11th of January Soviet troops began to occupy public facilities in Lithuania, and January 13th was the night, when soviet troops stormed the Vilnius TV tower, Lithuanian television and radio center, while tanks and armoured vehicles moved towards the parliament. Occupation Armed Forces ordered the defenders to abandon AT palace. Meanwhile, world public attention was focused on the events at the Persian Gulf, were war was soon to begin.
The Enemy
107th motorised infantry Division, stationed in the town of North (this is the current Zirmunu district of Vilnius, the place where
the shopping malls Senukai, Ogmios etc are located today) approximately 5-10 minutes road distance to the AT.
In addition to the usual small arms, motoinfantry at its arsenal had armoured vehicles BTR-60PB and BTR -70, self-propelled antiaircraft ZSU cannons -23-4 "Silka" and T-72 tanks.
Pskov 76 th airborne division's 234-th regiment soldiers (not less than 50), armed with airborne AFVs BMD -2 and -1.
There is evidence that the division's paratroopers, Vitebsk Guard 103 rd airborne division, 400 soldiers from the Kaliningrad region, as well as the unknown number of other military units has been redeployed to Lithuania January 8-11.
Estimated number can be imagined, since more than 30 transport aircraft IL -76 (each can accommodate up to 145paratroopers) landed at the Siauliai airport on January 8th.
KGB special group "A" (more widely known as the "Alpha"), 67 soldiers, although there is evidence that their could have been about 150, was flown to Vilnius in two planes on 11th of January, late in the evening.
Lithuanian Department of KGB agents, were reviewing the situation in Vilnius and other places of Lithuania. OMON detachment of police officers, at first sworn to Lithuanian Republic, and later forsweared the oath an passed on to half of the occupants.
About 400 "redstraps "-" National Salvation Committee and the organization "Jedinstvo" were formed into teams.
Our forces
About 20 thousand unarmed civilian people around the AT House, including several hundred outer perimeter defenders
(a total of 15 teams). About 2000 AT defenders inside buildings, including the first Lithuanian military officers in the training courses and instructors Rangers, the National Security Department (hereinafter - KAD), Border troops and other teams.
Armament: 1 AK-47 automatic rifle, hunting, sports and small-caliber rifles and homemade firearms, various weapons from the First and Second world wars from different countries, one Degtyarev machine gun, grenades, as well as metal rods and wooden sticks, Knives, fire water system of the palace, bottles with gasoline.
Then the militia unit, established on the fourth
floor of AT House also had weapons:
- The only machine gun (probably - RPK -74), several AKs and a few sniper rifles ( SVD). About 120 AT backroom staff, armed
about 20 pistols, four AKs, 16 hunting rifles and shotguns.
Total armed firearms could be approximately 200-300 people.
Shortly after 13th January Chemical Technology Institute has produced tear gas analogue and deodorant factory began the the gas dispensers production line.
The Plan
With the help of public defenders record the fact of military aggression against Lithuania in the worlds eyes. After the Soviets took over public facilities, the country's political representation and organization wide-ranging opposition to the occupiers should have been ensured.
The task
During the first few days of events in only a minority of activists had a clearer mission - to the extent defend the AT palace, in order to record the same resistance fact, the efforts of the armed defenders AT Assault the mix of people in the crowd and
and attack the storming Soviet forces from the back.
For this purpose, armed men were positioned along the bridge in another Zverynas Side of the Neris and the National M. Mažvydas Library roof. Defenders, at least the greater part of them understood their mission as resistance in any case, for the
1940 mistake should never be repeated again.
Actions
Equipment
Weapons and ordnance, repair, explosives production workshops and the shooting range. were installed at the basement of AT building. Weapons and explosives - brought by the population drift, acquired from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Bank of Lithuania, collectors, Fishing and Hunting shops etc.
Gasoline - donated by the people. Food - donated by people and catering facilities. Some provided by Vilnius City Council deputies.
Construction materials - donated by Construction companies (mainly after 13 January),taken from AT hotel
work site, from the Vilnius city council of deputies.
Builders helmets and gas masks - received Vilnius City Council of Deputies efforts.
Medical aid and equipment - acquired from medical facilities, first aid and medical command post established at the National M.
Mažvydas library, set up by the Red Cross and was responsible for the evacuation of people the accessibility of Parliament, medicines and bandages for Medical private initiative, and then - and assistance from abroad.
Communication and Management
Radio stations - received from Darius and Gireno flight club, portable radio station have been taken from former DOSAF (they were designed for telecommunications network between field posts), P-105 and R-107 military radio stations, obtained from yet unknown persons, and used radio Intelligence (Soviet link to listen).
For Communication with the outside world a satellite channel was created directly from AT and from Klaipeda, as well as with the help of "short wawers" used to connect with foreign (from AT to Kaunas, Siauliai and then - abroad) and replacement of coupling channels.
After the take-over of the Lithuanian radio and television building, the radio production and broadcasting was transferred to the library of the blind and visually impaired - they had all the necessary equipment.
Flares were to be used as a signal for the defenders to retreat and show the direction.
Parliament's defence principles
There were three principles: 1) information management, 2) military defence techniques, 3) civil resistance organization.
Information management was very good and reasonable level and targeted operations, both active and public opinion. Parliament's defense headquarters engaged in SIGINT and HUMINT activities (there was an informant Even the "Ttown of North" - soviet military base, who noticed about tanks moving off on the 11tg January), OSINT (open source intelligence), tactical reconnaissance (observation posts on the Soviet military objects) and processed by the population provided information.
Tthe public and global community was constantly informed about what takes place in Lithuania. Thanks to the intelligence
additional or partial redeployment of Soviet troops in Lithuania, the movement of military convoys in urban areas, facilities, occupation, the political situation in the region and the world was know.
From most military methods engineering operations security could be distinguished. Small arms and other light
weapons on the quantity and quality were not as important. While engineering obstacles had to stop their heavy combat equipment away from the AT palace and prevent the TV tower scenario.
Passive and active barriers had to slow down the speed of attacking infantry and armour and create space for activists to
manoeuvre and kill as many of the attackers as possible.
Military engineering defense structures consisted of three circles:
- Inside the House,
- House of the outer perimeter,
- House of the remote access.
http://img535.imageshack.us/img535/8499/barikada.jpg
http://img697.imageshack.us/img697/9206/barikada2.jpg
http://img188.imageshack.us/img188/6700/barikada3.jpg
http://img526.imageshack.us/img526/3403/barikada4.jpg
http://img121.imageshack.us/img121/493/barikada5.jpg
Engineering fortifications were installed in three stages. First, in January 11-12, the House was covered within barbed wire --especially part of the transitions and ventilation openings, sand bags and steel nets for the main AT House first floor.
Stairs to the second floor have been mined,additional furniture barricades have been installed inside the palace. In fact, it should be noted that not all of the defenders were all serious about. For example, north-eastern RT housing (the current II to the Seimas Palace, but at the time - Trade Union Council Chambers) some older men were sceptical - that 'force' will pass through in 5 minutes. So why should we take pains in the construction some kind of barrier? "
However,a unit from Vilnius Pedagogical Institute (now - university) was determined and thus have initiated the construction of the barricades from furniture, preparing the bottles of petrol for the upcoming assault.
The outer perimeter of the sand spreaders were blocked by the northern entrance to the AT courtyard, the entrance to AT yard on the south side cut off valve networks. Driving bridge approaches Zverynas was blocked "Kraz" truck and two "Belorus"
tractors Gostauto street at the bridge Zverynas blocked heavy equipment.
The second phase dates from the 1991 January 13 th night, when it the information about the events
at the TV tower was reached - civilians being killed by the tanks and bullets.
People have started to gather around the AT palace began to construct additional barricades, fill the sandbags.In the morning after the bloody events at the TV tower the glass building of AT palace was covered with steel firewall and other obstacles.
Driving at the entry points of access to Square to the parliament was made from the barricades fittings and other building materials. Eastern, Western and Souther approaches were encircled by the line buses.
The third phase began later after the January 13th. From the natural construction of barricades
Planned transition to defense system was development,
The first weeks after the January 13th night, instead of "light" barricades with sandbags, stone and concrete barricades have been errected.
1. Inside the palace, at some of the entrances explosive traps have been made: cellars and rooms accrued high gasoline stocks, with additional sand bags on the firewall.
One of the corridors had a special trap - to the ceiling raised to the fixed network large by fishing hooks, which had to fall on
attacking soldiers.
2nd Outer perimeter of Parliament House was blocked with reinforced concrete slabs and concrete-sand walls. The the excavation pit was dug at the dining in the courtyard. To protect the parliament roof from the possible airborne drop-off, bars and barbed wire barriers have been built along with prepared anti tank grenades. It was prepared to overflow the roof with water and then release the electricity.
l
3rd At all points of entry into the territory of AT, reinforced concrete barricades, anti tank spades and exhavations have been constructed.
In order to protect the AT, some interesting and effective weapons have been used. Firstly - misinformation! Rumours were spread about the fact that there is a mine field between theT palace and 1st (while in fact these were the training mines - duds), post with "Mines" written on them in Russian were to strengthen the effect.
Rumours spread that the defenders of the AT palace have received a large quantities of infantry weapons, most notably heavy machine guns.
Another rumour was that there was alaser on the top of the AT palce to shoot down the soviet helicopters. While in fact after January events Lithuanian physicists did construct a laser on the building. But it could do no more, than beam the green laser to the sky in a vain hope to blind the helicopter pilot.
Yet another rumour was that some of the defenders are willing to commit mass suicide. Some claim until today, that in nearby Kyviskes aerodrome several small training planes operated by the flying club members were to take off fast and secrectly for kamikaze style attacks against advancing soviet tanks.
Civil resistance
Civic resistance seed matured over the the occupation period, and sprouted "Sajudis" movement organized rallies, soil manured the economic blockade a time when no one complained of deprivation, but demonstrated patience and ingenuity, in order to resist the Soviet pressure.
The final examination, and verifying that 11th of March 1990 was no mistake came namely in the 1991 January-August months.
To the civil disobedience and resistance AT Command gave the first calls.
However, Soviet physical and psychological aggression focused most people . When a TV Tower attack killed 14 civilians, more than 1000 were injured, but people still did not move of protected objects, the Soviet Army leadership did not dare to attack the AT (although the tanks and armoured vehicles were moved towards the vicinity)
Already in those fateful days in Lithuania a joke between defenders was spreading: Soviet could not create communism in Lithuania for over 50 years, and we have done that in but a few days.
And indeed all was embracing infinite focus, tolerance and love euphoria - many citizens from Vilnius were carrying food to the square, restaurants and private installed outdoor caffes free canteens, farmers from Lithuanian province transported fat and even fresh meat; locals gave shelter and war clothes to the people who came from all around the country.
The fact that the television tower has brought people together, who were not scared of tanks and their shots, soldiers, explosions and fire deaths and blood - shocked the Soviets. Already knowing what happened at TV tower thousands more people have gathered around the AT palace. People were simply glued together.
Conclusions
The suspension of Soviet military aggression was led by many factors and it is still the subject matter. But now it is clear that a massive civil resistance, based on military defense techniques was very significant. AT House defense was used for all the complex steps: fully equipped engineering barrier system precision technology, improvisation and misinformation,
first troops and volunteers have joined the ranks.
Available data suggest that even after(if) the soviet soldiers have occupied the parliament, the fight against the Soviets were to continue already using the underground, partisan, destructive and anti-tamper techniques.