Pseudo Terrorist Operations

[Tim Nice But Dim]

PSEUDO OPERATIONS

By T. A. Lettieri

What are pseudo operations? Simply in a military scenario it is to perpetrate or pretend to be someone or something you are not, to sham or fake out an opponent in thinking you are one of there own in order to attain a decisive tactical advantage or surprise over the opponent you our impersonating.

Pseudo operations are not new. It is standard operation for most law enforcement agencies the world over, in police jargon it is known as a ‘sting’ operation. Pseudo techniques were used successfully by MAC-V-SOG in Vietnam, The British SAS in Malaya, and by the Rhodesians to name but a few.

For the rest of the article... (http://members.tripod.com/selousscouts/pseudo_main.htm)

[WarriorMonk]

Wow...very cool, why didn't Rumsfeld think of this earlier before going into Iraq?

[TuNeRsHaRk]

nice avatar warrior warhammer is kick ass

[Vorster]

To be able to do this you need some serious stones, some indigenious people and a well organized setup. These type of ops accounted for more than half of the terr kills in rhodesia and was used to a lesser but equally sucessful extend in namibia. The key is secrecy and willing locals. Sometimes even tame or turned terrs are used.

[Tim Nice But Dim]

To be able to do this you need some serious stones, some indigenious people and a well organized setup. These type of ops accounted for more than half of the terr kills in rhodesia and was used to a lesser but equally sucessful extend in namibia. The key is secrecy and willing locals. Sometimes even tame or turned terrs are used.

According to Kitson’s Bunch of Five, when operating in Kenya against the Mau Mau insurrection the pseudo or “Counter” as he calls them gangs would normally consist of one or two turned terrorists, either surrendered or captured; several African’s, from either the local police or military; and one or two British officers wearing wigs and using actors make up to darken their skins. They used to operate mainly at night, because the disguises that the British officers wore would be easily exposed during the day, gathering intelligence and even meeting with Mau Mau terrorists, trying to lure them into traps where the police could capture them.

I believe that in Radfan and Aden in the 1950s and 1960s the SAS did something similar. They would dress up in full Arabic regalia and wander through the streets gathering intelligence on suspected insurgents.

Then, of course, there is the 14th Intelligence Company which seems to appear in almost every memoir written by former British SF.

And today we have the SRR, which naturally is a top secret organisation that doesn’t exist. Except for the tirade of government press releases… ;)

[Mitch Rapp]

AFAIK these type of ops are called Psyops.

[Tim Nice But Dim]

AFAIK these type of ops are called Psyops.

Psyops are not Pseudo Operations.


'Psychological Operations: Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives. Also called PSYOP. See also consolidation psychological operations; overt peacetime psychological operations programs; perception management. ' US Department of Defense

From - http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/

Very different to...


What are pseudo operations? Simply in a military scenario it is to perpetrate or pretend to be someone or something you are not, to sham or fake out an opponent in thinking you are one of there own in order to attain a decisive tactical advantage or surprise over the opponent you our impersonating.

[Mitch Rapp]

AFAIK these type of ops are called Psyops.

Psyops are not Pseudo Operations.


'Psychological Operations: Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives. Also called PSYOP. See also consolidation psychological operations; overt peacetime psychological operations programs; perception management. ' US Department of Defense

From - http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/

Very different to...


What are pseudo operations? Simply in a military scenario it is to perpetrate or pretend to be someone or something you are not, to sham or fake out an opponent in thinking you are one of there own in order to attain a decisive tactical advantage or surprise over the opponent you our impersonating.

I am not sure about that. Special forces often kill locals and gives this as a a job of guerillas (leftists, communists, whatever). These types of ops were done when the word "terrorism" was not in fashion yet.

[WarriorMonk]

AFAIK these type of ops are called Psyops.

Psyops are not Pseudo Operations.


'Psychological Operations: Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives. Also called PSYOP. See also consolidation psychological operations; overt peacetime psychological operations programs; perception management. ' US Department of Defense

From - http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/

Very different to...


What are pseudo operations? Simply in a military scenario it is to perpetrate or pretend to be someone or something you are not, to sham or fake out an opponent in thinking you are one of there own in order to attain a decisive tactical advantage or surprise over the opponent you our impersonating.

I am not sure about that. Special forces often kill locals and gives this as a a job of guerillas (leftists, communists, whatever). These types of ops were done when the word "terrorism" was not in fashion yet.

forgot the medicine huh?

[Mitch Rapp]

AFAIK these type of ops are called Psyops.

Psyops are not Pseudo Operations.


'Psychological Operations: Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives. Also called PSYOP. See also consolidation psychological operations; overt peacetime psychological operations programs; perception management. ' US Department of Defense

From - http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/

Very different to...


What are pseudo operations? Simply in a military scenario it is to perpetrate or pretend to be someone or something you are not, to sham or fake out an opponent in thinking you are one of there own in order to attain a decisive tactical advantage or surprise over the opponent you our impersonating.

I am not sure about that. Special forces often kill locals and gives this as a a job of guerillas (leftists, communists, whatever). These types of ops were done when the word "terrorism" was not in fashion yet.

forgot the medicine huh?

Independent Philippines and the Third Republic (1946–1972)

In April 1946 elections were held but despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance won the election they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force had been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.

Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party) having been inaugurated president before the granting of independence strengthened political and economic ties with the United States—the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act, which allowed the US to partake equally in the exploitation of the countries natural resources—and rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99 years. These bases would later be used to launch operations in Korea, China, Vietnam and Indonesia.

During the Roxas administration a general amnesty was granted for those who had collaborated with the Japanese while at the same time the Huks were declared illegal. His administration ended prematurely when he died of heart attack April 15, 1948 while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga.

Vice President Elpidio Quirino (Liberal Party, henceforth referred to as LP) was sworn in as president after the death of Roxas. He ran for election in 1949 against Jose P. Laurel (Nacionalista Party, henceforth referred to as NP) and won.

During this time the CIA under the leadership of Lt. Col. Edward G. Lansdale was engaged in paramilitary and psychological warfare operations with the goal to suppress the Huk-Movement. Among the measures which were undertaken were psyops-campaigns which exploited the superstition of many Filipinos and acts of violence by government soldiers which were disguised as Huks. Until 1950 the US had provided the Philippine military with supplies and equipment worth $200 million dollars.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines

I have taken my share of military history, what about you, perky boy?

[Mitch Rapp]

One story, which sounds a bit apocryphal, concerns a certain group of Huks who were entrenched in a strategic location (a mountain). Lansdale figured it was time to put some psyops (psychological operations) into practice. He used local intelligence agents to plant stories in the local community about asuang (vampires) living in the hills. These were not nice creatures, given their propensity to suck the blood out of their victims. One local fortuneteller/psychic picked up some nice income (courtesy of the adman turned spook) by telling the locals that the asuang would only prey on those with evil in their hearts. Then he gave the story time to circulate.

After a few days, he had his men set up an ambush along a trail the Huks used regularly. When a patrol came by, necessarily in single file along a narrow mountainside, they stayed hidden and let them pass. All but one. They grabbed the poor sucker at the tail end of the line. After killing him, they punctured two neat little holes in his neck, then hung him upside down and let all the blood drain from his body. Then the body went back on the trail for the Huks to find when they came back looking for their comrade.

The Huk unit that had previously been so difficult to displace vanished into thin air the next day, leaving the mountain to the government troops.

http://www.apmforum.com/columns/orientseas36.htm

Call it pseudo op or call it psyop. I don't mind

[WarriorMonk]

AFAIK these type of ops are called Psyops.

Psyops are not Pseudo Operations.


'Psychological Operations: Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives. Also called PSYOP. See also consolidation psychological operations; overt peacetime psychological operations programs; perception management. ' US Department of Defense

From - http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/

Very different to...


What are pseudo operations? Simply in a military scenario it is to perpetrate or pretend to be someone or something you are not, to sham or fake out an opponent in thinking you are one of there own in order to attain a decisive tactical advantage or surprise over the opponent you our impersonating.

I am not sure about that. Special forces often kill locals and gives this as a a job of guerillas (leftists, communists, whatever). These types of ops were done when the word "terrorism" was not in fashion yet.

forgot the medicine huh?

Independent Philippines and the Third Republic (1946–1972)

In April 1946 elections were held but despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance won the election they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force had been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.

Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party) having been inaugurated president before the granting of independence strengthened political and economic ties with the United States—the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act, which allowed the US to partake equally in the exploitation of the countries natural resources—and rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99 years. These bases would later be used to launch operations in Korea, China, Vietnam and Indonesia.

During the Roxas administration a general amnesty was granted for those who had collaborated with the Japanese while at the same time the Huks were declared illegal. His administration ended prematurely when he died of heart attack April 15, 1948 while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga.

Vice President Elpidio Quirino (Liberal Party, henceforth referred to as LP) was sworn in as president after the death of Roxas. He ran for election in 1949 against Jose P. Laurel (Nacionalista Party, henceforth referred to as NP) and won.

During this time the CIA under the leadership of Lt. Col. Edward G. Lansdale was engaged in paramilitary and psychological warfare operations with the goal to suppress the Huk-Movement. Among the measures which were undertaken were psyops-campaigns which exploited the superstition of many Filipinos and acts of violence by government soldiers which were disguised as Huks. Until 1950 the US had provided the Philippine military with supplies and equipment worth $200 million dollars.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines

I have taken my share of military history, what about you, perky boy?

Okay, yeah, you got me.

[Royal]

According to Kitson’s Bunch of Five, when operating in Kenya against the Mau Mau insurrection the pseudo or “Counter” as he calls them gangs would normally consist of one or two turned terrorists, either surrendered or captured; several African’s, from either the local police or military; and one or two British officers wearing wigs and using actors make up to darken their skins. They used to operate mainly at night, because the disguises that the British officers wore would be easily exposed during the day, gathering intelligence and even meeting with Mau Mau terrorists, trying to lure them into traps where the police could capture them.

I believe that in Radfan and Aden in the 1950s and 1960s the SAS did something similar. They would dress up in full Arabic regalia and wander through the streets gathering intelligence on suspected insurgents.

Then, of course, there is the 14th Intelligence Company which seems to appear in almost every memoir written by former British SF.

And today we have the SRR, which naturally is a top secret organisation that doesn’t exist. Except for the tirade of government press releases… ;)

On the subject of Kitson. 'Gangs and Counter Gangs' elaborates on the theory further...

[fantassin]

French Capitaine Paul-Alain Léger, a counter-terrorism and intelligence expert, launched an operation that became known as "bleuite" ("the blue illness) against the FLN guerilla during the war in Algeria.

He was so succesful with his "turned" FLN soldiers that the FLN guerilla ended up spending more time killing its own soldiers than fighting the French because it saw traitors and turncoats everywhere in its own ranks...he even managed to halt the terrorist bombings by spreading false orders around the FLN units !

The purges left, according to some estimates, up to 2,000 FLN guerillas deads in the Willaya II area of Algiers were Capitaine Léger was operating in 1957-1958.

[fantassin]

.../...

[Mitch Rapp]

French Capitaine Paul-Alain Léger, a counter-terrorism and intelligence expert, launched an operation that became known as "bleuite" ("the blue illness) against the FLN guerilla during the war in Algeria.

He was so succesful with his "turned" FLN soldiers that the FLN guerilla ended up spending more time killing its own soldiers than fighting the French because it saw traitors and turncoats everywhere in its own ranks...he even managed to halt the terrorist bombings by spreading false orders around the FLN units !

The purges left, according to some estimates, up to 2,000 FLN guerillas deads in the Willaya II area of Algiers were Capitaine Léger was operating in 1957-1958.

Weren't these soldiers called Felaghas?

[fantassin]

French Capitaine Paul-Alain Léger, a counter-terrorism and intelligence expert, launched an operation that became known as "bleuite" ("the blue illness) against the FLN guerilla during the war in Algeria.

He was so succesful with his "turned" FLN soldiers that the FLN guerilla ended up spending more time killing its own soldiers than fighting the French because it saw traitors and turncoats everywhere in its own ranks...he even managed to halt the terrorist bombings by spreading false orders around the FLN units !

The purges left, according to some estimates, up to 2,000 FLN guerillas deads in the Willaya II area of Algiers were Capitaine Léger was operating in 1957-1958.

Weren't these soldiers called Felaghas?

The FLN guerillas were called fellaghas (or "fellouzes" by the French soldiers)

[Mitch Rapp]

French Capitaine Paul-Alain Léger, a counter-terrorism and intelligence expert, launched an operation that became known as "bleuite" ("the blue illness) against the FLN guerilla during the war in Algeria.

He was so succesful with his "turned" FLN soldiers that the FLN guerilla ended up spending more time killing its own soldiers than fighting the French because it saw traitors and turncoats everywhere in its own ranks...he even managed to halt the terrorist bombings by spreading false orders around the FLN units !

The purges left, according to some estimates, up to 2,000 FLN guerillas deads in the Willaya II area of Algiers were Capitaine Léger was operating in 1957-1958.

Weren't these soldiers called Felaghas?

The FLN guerillas were called fellaghas (or "fellouzes" by the French soldiers)

Sorry, my fault. Harkis?

[Yosy]

French Capitaine Paul-Alain Léger, a counter-terrorism and intelligence expert, launched an operation that became known as "bleuite" ("the blue illness) against the FLN guerilla during the war in Algeria.

He was so succesful with his "turned" FLN soldiers that the FLN guerilla ended up spending more time killing its own soldiers than fighting the French because it saw traitors and turncoats everywhere in its own ranks...he even managed to halt the terrorist bombings by spreading false orders around the FLN units !

The purges left, according to some estimates, up to 2,000 FLN guerillas deads in the Willaya II area of Algiers were Capitaine Léger was operating in 1957-1958.

Weren't these soldiers called Felaghas?

The FLN guerillas were called fellaghas (or "fellouzes" by the French soldiers)

Sorry, my fault. Harkis?

No. Harkis weren't turned FLNs - they were muslim algerians that fought for France from the beginnig. The turned FLNs were nicknamed "overalls".

[Tim Nice But Dim]

Here is a great, but brief, look at a variety of Pseudo Ops. world wide, Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons from Other Countries by Dr. Lawrence E. Cline (http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=607).


On the subject of Kitson. 'Gangs and Counter Gangs' elaborates on the theory further...

Thanks for the title, e-bay here I come…


French Capitaine Paul-Alain Léger, a counter-terrorism and intelligence expert, launched an operation that became known as "bleuite" ("the blue illness) against the FLN guerilla during the war in Algeria.

Interesting stuff, would you be able to recommend any good books on the fight against the FLN to me?


Call it pseudo op or call it psyop. I don't mind

Strangely enough, this article touches on the difference between the two, treating Pseudo Ops. and Psy. Ops. as two different activities.

[Yosy]

Interesting stuff, would you be able to recommend any good books on the fight against the FLN to me?


Alistair Horne: "A Savage War of Peace" - very good one.

Check the movie (available on DVD) - The Battle of Algiers (the trailer (http://www.rialtopictures.com/algiers/algierstrailers.html))

[Tim Nice But Dim]

Interesting stuff, would you be able to recommend any good books on the fight against the FLN to me?


Alistair Horne: "A Savage War of Peace" - very good one.

Check the movie (available on DVD) - The Battle of Algiers (the trailer (http://www.rialtopictures.com/algiers/algierstrailers.html))

I actually have the "Battle of Algiers" on DVD, it is a great film. Thank you for the book title, it looks very interesting.

[fantassin]

There are very few books in English on both Indochina and Algeria which is a shame because both wars were blueprints of things to come.

Indochina turned into vietnam with US forces adapting many French concepts (SF, CIDG, Brown Water Navy...) and many other concepts were either pioneered or developped in Algeria.

OEF is nothing but the war in Algeria on a different scale; all the ingredients are there....

[dacanadianbomb]

"French Capitaine Paul-Alain Léger, a counter-terrorism and intelligence expert, launched an operation that became known as "bleuite" ("the blue illness) against the FLN guerilla during the war in Algeria.

He was so succesful with his "turned" FLN soldiers that the FLN guerilla ended up spending more time killing its own soldiers than fighting the French because it saw traitors and turncoats everywhere in its own ranks...he even managed to halt the terrorist bombings by spreading false orders around the FLN units !

The purges left, according to some estimates, up to 2,000 FLN guerillas deads in the Willaya II area of Algiers were Capitaine Léger was operating in 1957-1958"


Fantastic. Its so sneaky&cheaky I cant help but love it.

it really would be interesting whether this stuff could be applied to the insurgency in Iraq.Get some guys you can trust, go in create complete confusion and exfil again. And let them whack each other.

It would be great if it would work.

[fantassin]

About French pseudo Ops in Algeria:

In October 1956, Maurice Lassabe, a former police chief of police force under divisional Vichy promoted in Algeria, recruits Djillali Belhadj, alias "Kobus", an independence militant then imprisoned.

The objective of the French police officer, which makes to call Mr. Aideux (E2, a service which, as in metropolis, deals with handling), tell Roger Faligot and Pascal Krop: "To convince Kobus to officially work for the French by organizing in the area of Duperré a counter-maquis controlled by the DST., this" Force K "will be antifrench, but, in reality, supplied by the French, and it will fight the FLN.

"Made up of former turned over" or recruited nationalists "of force, criminals in escape or hooligans disguised as combatants of the FLN, the" Force K "is secretly under the orders of captains Conille and Hentic, two agents of the French special services.

To discredit the FLN, it spread the rumour that this last is pledged to the Communists and that its members are thus of "anti-God" - this integrist higher bid, one will see it, will be repeated almost with identical in the years 1994-1997 by the GIA in Algeria, in order to discredit the maquis of the Islamic Army.

Another technique of psychological warfare, terribly effective, was used by the French: to make believe that the enemy was completely infiltrated in order to encourage it to organize unjustified purgings.

It is what arrived in 1958 to a high person in charge for the ALN, colonel Amirouche, head of the wilaya 3 (Kabylie). Infiltrated by the services of psychological action of captain Paul-Alain Leger, it carried out a terrible purification of the maquis kabyles, which will remain in the memories under the name of "blue plot", or "bleuite" - business reported in detail by Gilbert Meynier.

It was especially aimed at the most educated. Of a new recruit well-read woman at the same time in Arabic and French, Amirouche would have said: "This one twice deserves to have her throat sliced twice. "on July 30, 1958, with its HQ in Akfadou," approximately six hundred FLN guerillas singing in chour patriotic songs and assembled in square with guard-with you so that their the plot is revealed, the great meetings of interrogations started where the principal executives of the "plot were heard".
The military tribunal began its meetings on August 2 while the interrogations continued [. ] Whereas the high ranking officers awaited their torment, of tens of others endured various tortures. [. ] According to a report of the political candidate Hocine Zahouane, "colonel Amirouche [. ] reacts in a brutal and spontaneous way, without reflexion. By entrusting the direction of the investigation, I want to say tortures, with a certain Ahcene captain [. ], former collaborator of Gestapo, it started the system of tortures more terrifying which one ever saw [. ] In addition to the methods of the bath-tub, scourging, of hanging by the feet, the kicks and fist, from the incredible systems were going to be born: the pulling up of the nails, the insertion of needles between nails and flesh, the gasoline induction and the ignition of the ****** parts [. ]

Amirouche itself would have declared that 20 % of carried out were innocent, but it would have been defended in these terms: "By killing two thirds of the Algerians, it would be a beautiful result if it were known that the other third would live free".

"On the whole, estimates the historian Sadek Sellam, the purgings carried out within the ALN of 1958 to 1961, largely caused by the operations of intoxication of the French Army, made some 7 000 victims, thus depriving the Algerian revolution of a good part of his frameworks.

This distracting contamination by the methods of the adversary will make school unfortunately. Torture will become a routine practice for the security forces of independent Algeria. And at the time of the "dirty war" started in 1992, the Generals of the "clan eradicator" will take again and improve the methods of against-insurrectionary war developped at the point by the French Army some thirty five years earlier.

Translated with Google...

[Mitch Rapp]

About French pseudo Ops in Algeria:

In October 1956, Maurice Lassabe, a former police chief of police force under divisional Vichy promoted in Algeria, recruits Djillali Belhadj, alias "Kobus", an independence militant then imprisoned.

The objective of the French police officer, which makes to call Mr. Aideux (E2, a service which, as in metropolis, deals with handling), tell Roger Faligot and Pascal Krop: "To convince Kobus to officially work for the French by organizing in the area of Duperré a counter-maquis controlled by the DST., this" Force K "will be antifrench, but, in reality, supplied by the French, and it will fight the FLN.

"Made up of former turned over" or recruited nationalists "of force, criminals in escape or hooligans disguised as combatants of the FLN, the" Force K "is secretly under the orders of captains Conille and Hentic, two agents of the French special services.

To discredit the FLN, it spread the rumour that this last is pledged to the Communists and that its members are thus of "anti-God" - this integrist higher bid, one will see it, will be repeated almost with identical in the years 1994-1997 by the GIA in Algeria, in order to discredit the maquis of the Islamic Army.

Another technique of psychological warfare, terribly effective, was used by the French: to make believe that the enemy was completely infiltrated in order to encourage it to organize unjustified purgings.

It is what arrived in 1958 to a high person in charge for the ALN, colonel Amirouche, head of the wilaya 3 (Kabylie). Infiltrated by the services of psychological action of captain Paul-Alain Leger, it carried out a terrible purification of the maquis kabyles, which will remain in the memories under the name of "blue plot", or "bleuite" - business reported in detail by Gilbert Meynier.

It was especially aimed at the most educated. Of a new recruit well-read woman at the same time in Arabic and French, Amirouche would have said: "This one twice deserves to have her throat sliced twice. "on July 30, 1958, with its HQ in Akfadou," approximately six hundred FLN guerillas singing in chour patriotic songs and assembled in square with guard-with you so that their the plot is revealed, the great meetings of interrogations started where the principal executives of the "plot were heard".
The military tribunal began its meetings on August 2 while the interrogations continued [. ] Whereas the high ranking officers awaited their torment, of tens of others endured various tortures. [. ] According to a report of the political candidate Hocine Zahouane, "colonel Amirouche [. ] reacts in a brutal and spontaneous way, without reflexion. By entrusting the direction of the investigation, I want to say tortures, with a certain Ahcene captain [. ], former collaborator of Gestapo, it started the system of tortures more terrifying which one ever saw [. ] In addition to the methods of the bath-tub, scourging, of hanging by the feet, the kicks and fist, from the incredible systems were going to be born: the pulling up of the nails, the insertion of needles between nails and flesh, the gasoline induction and the ignition of the ****** parts [. ]

Amirouche itself would have declared that 20 % of carried out were innocent, but it would have been defended in these terms: "By killing two thirds of the Algerians, it would be a beautiful result if it were known that the other third would live free".

"On the whole, estimates the historian Sadek Sellam, the purgings carried out within the ALN of 1958 to 1961, largely caused by the operations of intoxication of the French Army, made some 7 000 victims, thus depriving the Algerian revolution of a good part of his frameworks.

This distracting contamination by the methods of the adversary will make school unfortunately. Torture will become a routine practice for the security forces of independent Algeria. And at the time of the "dirty war" started in 1992, the Generals of the "clan eradicator" will take again and improve the methods of against-insurrectionary war developped at the point by the French Army some thirty five years earlier.

Translated with Google...

Yeah, all revolutionaries seem to like the purgings "within the party lines" p-)

[fantassin]

What's really important is that the Algerian special services used the exact same tactics the French had used 35 years before when they needed to crush the islamic insurgency in the early 90s...

What better testimony to their efficiency ? when your former enenmy uses your own tactics, it says a lot....

[Mitch Rapp]

What's really important is that the Algerian special services used the exact same tactics the French had used 35 years before when they needed to crush the islamic insurgency in the early 90s...

What better testimony to their efficiency ? when your former enenmy uses your own tactics, it says a lot....

There were talks about Algerian "Ninjas" posing as guerillas and killing civilians