I don't have much time to reply right now so Ill have to keep this shorter than I would like.
I spend an inordinate amount of time reading about the mid 19th Century and in that period at least, diplomats did a good deal of the spying internationally. They would gain information through bribes, favors, etc. If you get a chance, read up on all the political intrigue in Istanbul in the years preceding the Crimean War.
Prior to the Spanish-American war, the United States had an employee of the International Ocean Telegraph Company secretly forwarding all telegrams between Spain and their holdings in the Caribbean.
You might also find this interesting:
http://www.historynet.com/americas-c...ans-scouts.htm
Not as flashy as many would like, but this is how real world espionage tended to work.


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